Objective To understand the prevalence and risk factors of chronic diseases in Xilinguole League, Inner Mongolia, and its risk factors in 2017, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on the residents in Xianghuangqi area of Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia. Epidate 3.1 was used for data entry, and SPSS 25.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results The average age of the subjects was 46.2 ± 11.2 years old, and the prevalence of chronic diseases was 25.26%. The prevalence of hypertension ranks first at 18.56%; the prevalence of women is slightly higher than that of men (χ²=0.968, p<0.05); the difference in prevalence among different ethnic groups is statistically significant (χ²=1447.730, p<0.01); The prevalence of smokers is higher than that of non-smokers (χ²=7.790, p＜0.05); the prevalence of age increases (χ²_trend=137.214, p＜0.01); the prevalence of higher education shows a downward trend (χ²_trend=84.258, p＜0.01); the prevalence of BMI increases showed an upward trend (χ²_trend=31.956, p＜0.01). Smoking is a risk factor for chronic diseases (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.01~1.76); age is a risk factor for chronic diseases, and the prevalence is significantly higher in the age group >69 (OR: 9.11, 95% CI: 2.78~29.78); Education level is a protective factor for chronic diseases. The prevalence of college degree and above is lower than that of illiteracy (OR: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.07~0.36); residents with BMI> 28 have the highest risk of disease (OR: 2.94, 95%CI: 1.36) ~6.32). Conclusion The prevalence of chronic diseases of residents in Xianghuang Banner of Xilingol League of Inner Mongolia should not be ignored. The prevalence of chronic diseases of Mongolian residents is higher than that of Han people. Therefore, it is necessary to change their living and eating habits and improve their awareness of prevention so as to reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases.