Carcinoma of the esophagus is one of the most common cancer in China. Because the early diagnosis is delayed, 80% patients have the locally extensive or distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and radiotherapy is one of the most important modalities in esophageal carcinoma management. In this paper , a brief introduction about the advances on esophageal carcinoma radiotherapy in China will be done ,such as radiotherapy alone, radiotherapy combined with surgery,chemotheropy or intraluminal hyperthermia.

Objective To investigate the expression and signification of Transforming growth factor-?1 and its typeⅠReceptor in choroidal neovascularization(CNV) induced with krypton laser on Brown Norway rat. Design Experimental study. Participants Five groups of 30 BN rats. Methods The rats were photocoagulated with krypton laser in single eye to induce CNV. 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks after photocoagulation, the retina was processed respectively for immunohistochemistry of FⅧR:Ag, TGF-?1 and T?RⅠ, in situ hybridization of TGF-?1mRNA. Main Outcome Measures FⅧR:Ag, TGF-?1, TGF-?1mRNA and T?RⅠ. Results FⅧR:Ag positive staining cells formed vessels in the lesion 1 week after photocoagulation. TGF-?1mRNA expressed in the ganglion cells, RPE in normal BN retina, TGF-?1 and T?RⅠexpressed in the ganglion cells, inner nuclear layer, RPE in normal BN retina, and they all expressed in the lesions after photocoagulation. From 3 days to 4 weeks, the expression density of FⅧR:Ag in the lesions increased (P

Cells and scaffolds are two key elements of tissue engineering,while the viabilitv of cells is mainly depended on the nature of scaffolds.A suitable scaffold should simulate the internal environment as well as possible,which is necessary for the growth of cells.The nanometer structured biomaterials have become more and more popular in the study of tissue engineering due to their ability to perfectly simulate the topography of the microenvironment.This paper summarized the advances in the application of nanometer structured materials in the in vitro cell cultures.The mechanisms of the promoting effect of nano.structured biomaterials on the cell growth and the application of nano-structured materials in liver tissue engineering are discussed.

PURPOSE 10 cases of testicle embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) were treated in the Cancer Hospital of Shanghai Medical University from 1971 to 1988. All cases were treated by orchiectomy followed by retroperitoneal node dissection and three of them did not have lymph node metastases. Methods 2 cases were given postoperative irradiation, 7 cases received adjuvant chemotherapy. Results The 2-. 5-year overall survival were 50% and 30% respectively. Conclusion This report analyzes the prognosis of adult testicle embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The treatment is a combination of surgery、 chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Intensive chemotherapy should be administered. The prognosis of RMS in adult seems to be worse than in childhood. Patients with negative lymph nodes has better outcome than those with node metastases. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after radical inguinal orchiectomy is unnecessary in patients without CT evidence of nodal involvement.

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of surgical procedures on patients with chronic sinusi-tis. Method: 104 patients with chronic sinusitis were treated by endoscopic and Caldwell-Luc's approaches. Thelesions were cleared away completely. Result:The clinical cure rate was 96.1％ after 6～12 months (average 9months ) follow up. Conclusion:It suggests that patients with severe maxillary sinus diseases might be cured byendoscopic and Caldwell-Luc's procedure.

Background and purpose:It may improve local control to increase radiation dose for esophageal cancer.The purpose of the study is to obtain the maximum tolerance dose(MTD)and assess toxicity of 3-D conformal radiation therapy(3-DCRT)for esophageal cancer.Methods:The scheduled dose escalation ranged from 70 Gy to 76 Gy.All patients received conventional fractionation irradiation to a dose of 46 Gy/23 Fx/4.5 weeks,followed by accelerated hyperfractionation irradiation using reduced fields,1.5 Gy twice a day,to a dose of 24 Gy/16 Fx.The criteria for stopping dose escalation was grade ≥3 radiation-induced toxicity in ≥15% patients.Results:From July,2000 to July,2001,18 patients were enrolled.Five patients completed a total dose of 70 Gy and an additional 5 patients received 73 Gy.Eight patients completed a total dose of 76 Gy.No patient occurred grade ≥3 radiation-induced toxicity at the level of 70 Gy.Four patients(80%)experienced grade ≥3 radiation-induced late toxicity(2 patients died of late radiation-induced pneumonitis)at the level of 73 Gy.Five patients(62.5%)experienced grade ≥3 radiation-induced acute toxicity and 6 patients(75%)had grade≥3 late toxicity(1 patients died of late radiation-induced esophagitis,and 2 patients died of late radiation-induced pneumonitis)at the level of 76 Gy.Conclusions:Based on the clinical trial,there were more severe radiation-induced toxicities when the patients with esophageal cancer received more than 70 Gy.

Objective To define the prognostic factors and local failure in late course accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy(LCAHR) for esophageal carcinoma.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 201 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients treated by LCAHR during the period between August 1994 to January 2000.The radiotherapeutic portals were set and based on CT scan and esophagograms. All patients received a mean dose of 41.4 Gy /23 F/4～5 WK. With conventional fractionation regimen during the first two thirds of the course,and followed by LCAHR with reduced fields, at dose of 27 Gy/18 d,1.5 Gy per fraction,twice daily. The total dose varied up to 67～70 Gy/40～43 F/40～49 d. Results The 1 ,3 and 5 year actuarial survivals were 72.5% ,35.6% and 31.1%. The 1 ,3 and 5 year local control rates were 82.2%, 71.3% and 71.3%,respectively. Of the 95 patients who died, 34(35.8%) did so from local failure , 32(33.7%) from distant metastasis(33.7 %), 13(3.7%) from lymphatic metastasis, 4(4.2%) frome both local and distant metastasis and 12(12.7%) from complications.Conclusions It is showed that significant improvement in local control and survival are observed after LCAHR for esophageal carcinoma in comparison to conventional fractionated regimen. The prevention and management of distant metastasis and lymphatic spread have become the major problems in the future.

Objective To study the clinical results and prognostic factors of late course accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy (LCAHR) in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma in the elderly. Methods 105 over 60 year-old patients with esophageal carcinoma who received radical LCAHR, were retrospectively analysed. Radical tumoricidal dose of 67.9～72.0?Gy was delivered in 39～43 fractions over 42～53 days. Results The 5-year local control rate was 63.7%. The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rate were 22.6% and 34.4%. Acute esophagitis and bronchitis were the most common but acceptable radioreactions Grade 1～2. No significant differences were found either in the clinical response or complication, between the 60～69 year and 70～80 year groups. By multivariate analysis, T stage and KPS score were two independent prognostic factors. Of 67 death cases, 31 died of local relapse, 23 of distant metastases, 8 of both and 5 of other causes. Conclusions LCAHR toxicity ,being tolerable for the older esophageal carcinoma patients,may improve their survival and quality of life.

With the development of molecular biology,the study of biological markers will probably help to predict the prognosis and to improve the method of treatment and the survival. Advances in biological markers of esophageal cancer prognosis were reviewed. [

Hyperthermia can enhance the sensitivity of tumors to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, In order to understand the impact of intracavitary hyperthermia on radiochemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma, the biological basis,advances,efficacy and active factors of intracavitary hyperthermia combined with radiochemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma is reviewed and evaluated.