Objective To prepare and optimize fibrin-gel-coated vaneomycin alginate beads (FG-Vanco-AB)and investigate their possible use in treatment of osteomyelitis or prevention of infection.Methods Vancomycin alginate beads were produced by dropping vancomycin and alginate mixed liquor into calcium chloride solution.Beads including high vancomycin content were prepared and chosen by optimizing different concentrations of vancomycin solution and alginate solution.These beads were coated with fibrin gel formed by different concentrations of fibrin and the same concentration thrombin.The optimized beads were selected based on available release time,when vancomycin in medium could kill Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC25923). Results Higher content of vancomycin in bead resulted in increase of vancomycin concentration and alginate concentration in mixed liquid.The highest vancomycin content beads were prepared by 16%alginate and 50 mr/ml vancomycin,up to(27.36±0.90)%.The further results showed that vancomycin concentrations from beads coated with fibrin at 75 mg/ml and thrombin at 400 IU/ml could kill Staphylococcus aureus and remained above the breakpoint sensitivity for 19 days.Conclusion The available release time is prolonged,and the possibility of clinical use is conspicuously increased after vancomycin beads are optimized by adjusting the rate of mixed component and fibrin gel coat.

BACKGROUND: With further understanding of deep venous thrombosis(DVT)following total hip replacement,reduction and prevention of DVT has become hot topic in clinical studies.The reports of DVT formation factors remain controversial due to small samples,little statistical significance,confusion of basic experimental and clinical results and lacks of science.OBJECTIVE: To explore the causes and factors for the early DVT following total hip replacement and summarize measures to prevent and treat early DVT to reduce incidence of complications.METHODS: A total of 1780 cases of primary total hip replacement operation were analyzed retrospectively.The statistical indexes included sex,age,body mass,other system disease,previous hip joint operation,anesthesia,operative time,prosthetic fixation,blood transfusion,postoperative functional exercise,antithrombotics,and complication.Standardized database was built and analyzed by SPSS(version 13).Regression analysis was performed using Binary Logistic Regression.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of 1780 cases,136 had DVT.Age,other system diseases,anesthesia,prosthetic fixation,blood transfusion,postoperative functional exercise and antithrombotics were correlated with early DVT(P < 0.05).Old age,hypertension or diabetes,general anesthesia,fixation of bone cement,whole blood transfusion were the risk factors for early DVT following total hip replacement,while postoperative functional exercise and antithrombotics were the protective factors for DVT.The incidence rate of early complications can be reduced by the methods such as dealing with perioperative treatment carefully,effectively controlling the chronic diseases,efficient evaluation before surgery,precise manipulation,and the postoperative prophylactic treatment and nursing.

A novel genomic island (GI) in Streptococcus suis serotype 2(SS2) was identified, which resided in the highly virulent strains but not in the hypo-virulent strains or avirulent strains of SS2 of the Chinese isolates. This newly discovered GI strain was designated as SSGI4 and its whole length of genome was 11 269 bps, sharing the typical properties of pathogenicity islands, such as the distinct G+C content, a mosaic architecture characteristics and the specificity for virulent isolates. There were 11 genes within SSGI4, in which some genes were putative cell surface protein genes and others were amino acid-binding protein genes. Our finding sheds light on the investigation of horizontal gene transfer in SS2 and their influence on pathogenicity.

This study was performed to evaluate the role and mechanism of Ephedra aqueous extract in alleviating lung injury of rats with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia via regulating reactive oxygen species(ROS)/NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)/caspase-1 pathway.Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,Ephedra aqueous extract(100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg)groups,solvent control group(110 ml/kg DMSO),model+solvent group,high-dose Ephedra aqueous extract+solvent group,and high-dose Ephedra aqueous extract+trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO,110 mg/kg)group.Pneumonia model was established by instilling Streptococcus pneumoniae solution into the trachea.After 24 hours of modeling,each group was given medication by gavage for 10 consecutive days.24 hours after the last gastric lavage,pathological changes in lung tissue and the contents of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detected;and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),the activity of ROS and the expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1,GSDMD-N in lung tissue were detected.The model group rats demonstrated pathological changes in lung injury including thickening of alveolar septa and infiltration of inflammatory cells,as well as the contents of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α in BALF and serum,the content of MDA,the activity of ROS,the expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in lung tissue were higher than those of the control group,while the SOD content in lung tissue was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).The lung injury of the low,medium,and high dose Ephedra aqueous extract groups were reduced,and the contents of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α in BALF and serum,the content of MDA,the activity of ROS,the expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in lung tissue were lower than that of the model group,while the SOD content in lung tissue was higher than that of the model group(P<0.05).The lung injury of rats in the high-dose ephedra aqueous extract+TMAO group worsened,the contents of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α in BALF and serum,the content of MDA,the activity of ROS,the expression levels of NLRP3,Caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in lung tissue were higher than those of the high-dose Ephedra aqueous extract+solvent group,while the SOD content in lung tissue was lower than that of the high-dose Ephedra aqueous extract+solvent group(P<0.05).In conclusion,Ephedra aqueous extract alleviates the lung injury of rats with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia via inhibiting the inflammatory response,oxidative stress and pyroptosis mediated by ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway.