Anthocyanin biosynthesis is one of the thoroughly studied enzymatic pathways in biology, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its final stage: the transport of the anthocyanins into the vacuole. A clear picture of the dynamic trafficking of flavonoids is only now beginning to emerge. So far four different models have been proposed to explain the transport of anthocyanins from biosynthetic sites to the central vacuole, and four types of transporters have been found associated with the transport of anthocyanins: glutathione S-transferase, multidrug resistance-associated protein, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion, bilitranslocase-homologue. The functions of these proteins and related genes have also been studied. Although different models have been proposed, cellular and subcellular information is still lacking for reconciliation of different lines of evidence in various anthocyanin sequestration studies. According to the information available, through sequence analysis, gene expression analysis, subcellular positioning and complementation experiments, the function and location of these transporters can be explored, and the anthocyanin transport mechanism can be better understood.
Anthocyanins ; metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Glutathione Transferase ; metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; metabolism ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Plants ; metabolism ; Vacuoles ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of sitagliptin and sitagliptin combined with glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Methods Ninety-two patients with T2DM were randomly divided into sitagliptin group (group J),glimepiride group (group G) and sitagliptin combined with glimepiride group (group U),group J took sitagliptin,group G took glimepiride,group U took sitagliptin and glimepiride.Before and after treatments,blood glucose and insulin were determined in the fasting and 2-hour blood samples after taking glucose (fasting blood-glucose (FPG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG),insulin (FIns),2-hour postprandial insulin (2hIns),and glycosylation hemoglobin (HBA1 c) were also determined and homeostasis model assessment was applied to estimate the functions index of islet β cell(HOMA-β).Results The levels of blood glucose and HBA1C in three groups decreased after treatments(FPG,(before treatment:(9.2±3.0),(9.2±2.8),(9.3±3.2) mmol/L),(after treatment:(7.7 ± 3.0),(6.9 ± 2.6),(6.0 ± 2.5) mmol/L),and t values are 2.205,3.203,3.691,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05 ;2 hPG (before treatment:(14.1 ± 5.7),(14.8 ±6.3),(15.0±6.8) mmol/L),(after treatment:(7.9 ±2.9),(9.0 ±3.1),(7.1 ±3.1) mmol/L),and t values are 3.881,3.159,4.189,P ＜ 0.01 ; HBA1c (before treatment:(8.52 ± 2.01)％,(8.48 ± 1.94)％,(8.56 ±2.27)％,(after treatment:(7.64 ± 1.92)％,(6.81 ± 1.55)％,(6.19 ± 1.84)％),t values are 2.292,2.184,3.269,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05) ; HOMA-β in the three groups increased after treatment ((before treatment:1.42 ± 0.07,1.44 ± 0.06,1.41 ± 0.11),(after treatment:1.76 ± 0.14,1.68 ± 0.20,1.85 ±0.17),t values are 2.180,2.073,2.882,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05);levels of HBA1c and blood glucose in group U were lower than those in group J and G(HBA1 c:t values are 2.785,2.138,P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01 ;FPG:t values are 2.252,2.346,P ＜0.05;2hPG:t values are 2.147,2.829,P ＜0.01,P ＜0.05),HOMA-β in which was higher than that of group G(t =2.153,P ＜ 0.05),but with no significant difference compared with group J (t =1.796,P ＞ 0.05),levels of HBA1C,FPG and HOMA-β in group J were higher than those of group G (t values are 2.108,2.202,2.121,P ＜ 0.05),level of 2hPG of group J was lower than that of group G(t =2.307,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Sitagliptin provides significant glycaemic control,together with glimepiride,clinical effect of treatment of type 2 diabetes will be enhanced.

OBJECTIVE:To establish an assay method for Sustained-release palmatine tablet in beagle dog. METHODS:Sample separation was performed on Diamonsil ODS C18 column(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water (1∶1,containing NaH2PO4 3.4 g and SDS 1.7 g in every 1 000 mL water,pH was adjusted to 3 by H3PO4) with a flow rate of 1.0 mL?min-1.The column was kept at 35 ℃ and the detective wavelength was set at 342 nm.RESULTS:The linear serum concentration range was 0.005～0.5 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 9) and the recovery rate was(102.22?2.48)%. CONCLUSION:The method was proved to be simple,accurate,sensitive and reproducible,and it was up to the standards for the study of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sustained-release palmatine tablet in beagle dog.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy and safety of Guizhi fuling capsule combined with mifepristone in treatment of uterine fibroids. METHODS:116 patients with uterine fibroids were randomly divided into control group and observation group. Control group was orally given Mifepristone tablet 25 mg,2 h before meal in the first day of menstrual period,once a day,for con-tinuous 10 d;observation group was additionally given Guizhi fuling capsule 3 pills in non-menstrual period,3 times a day. 3 months was regarded as a treatment course,it lasted 2 courses. Clinical efficacy,and E2,FSH,SHBG,uterine volume,menstrual blood volume,uterine fibroid volume and incidence of adverse reactions in 2 groups before and after treatment were observed. RE-SULTS:Total effective rate in observation group was significantly higher than control group,the difference was statistically signifi-cant(P<0.05). After treatment,the FSH,E2,uterine volume,menstrual blood volume and uterine fibroid volume in 2 groups were significantly lower than before,and observation group was lower than control group,the differences were statistically signifi-cant(P<0.05);but there were no significant difference in the SHBG and adverse reactions between 2 groups(P>0.05). CONCLU-SIONS:The clinical efficacy of Guizhi fuling capsule combined with mifepristone in treatment of uterine fibroids is more signifi-cant than mifepristone alone,with good safety.

Objective To discuss the effects of sevoflurane on perioperative hemodynamics and serum cardiac troponin I(cTnI) in patients undergoing abdominal surgery,and offer the reference for selecting anesthetic in clinic.Methods Forty patients with ASA Ⅱ—Ⅲ,undergoing radical gastrectomy were randomly allocated into sevoflurane group(group S) and propofol group(group P),with each 20 patients.Systemic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),heart reat(HR) and saturation of oxygen(SPO2) were monitored as routine.The concerntration of cTnI was examined at pre-anesthesia(T1),post-induction(T2),beginning of operation(T3),end of operation(T4),the first day post-operation(T5) and the third day post-operation(T6) with radioimmunoassay.Results SBP,DBP and HR in group P at post-induction were significantly lower than those in group S(P

Objectives To investigate the effect of leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMA) compensation of anterior cerebral artery (ACA) on the size of cerebral infarction in patients with chronic middle cerebral artery occlusion (CMCAO) and to analyze the correlation between middle cerebral artery (MCA) velocity and cerebral infarction area.Methods From June 2014 to June 2016,35 consecutive patients with CMCAO from the Department of Neurology,Yanbian University Hospital and 74 with CMCAO from the Department of Neurology,Beijing Xuanwu Hospital,Capital Medical University were enrolled retrospectively.All patients were diagnosed as CMCAO on one side and MCA was normal on the other side with transcranial Doppler (TCD) or transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) and confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA).They were divided into either a LMA group (n=49) or a non-LMA (NLMA) group (n=60) according to the DSA revealed ACA.TCCS and/or TCD were used to measure and record the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and mean flow velocity (MFV) of the contralateral and ipsilateral MCA,and the ratios of bilateral PSV were calculated.They were divided into 4 grades,including normal brain tissue,cerebral lacunar infarction,small and moderate cerebral infarction,and large cerebral infarction according to the findings of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences of cerebral infarction areas between the LMA group and the NLMA group,and Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the MCA blood flow parameters of the ipsilateral side and the cerebral infarction area.Results (1) The patients with stroke accounted for 90.0% (n=54) in the NLMA group,and it was significantly higher than 71.4% (n=35) in the LAM group.There was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05).(2) The severity of cerebral infarction in the NLMA group was significantly higher than that in the LMA group.DWI revealed that the LMA group was mainly lacunar infarction (51.0%,n=25),the NLMA group was mainly small and moderate infarction (45.0%,n=27),the incidence of large infarction (21.7%,n=13) was higher than that in the LMA group (4.1%,n=2).The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.01).(3) The cerebral infarction area in patients of the NLMA group showed moderately negative correlation with PSV of MCA (r=-0.736,P<0.01),and increased with the increase of contralateral side of PSV/ipsilateral side of PSV,there was a high positive correlation (r=0.849,P<0.01).Conclusion The compensatory function of meningeal branches of the anterior cerebral artery in patients with CMCAO was associated with the severity of cerebral infarction.The decreased MCA blood flow velocity on the ipsilateral side had a significant correlation with cerebral infarction area.

Objective To find out the cognition understanding of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) of target population in Xi’an City, and evaluate the effectiveness of a health education project on prevention and control of IDD. Methods By using the random number table, three towns in each project county were selected. Obeying the requirements of the education program for IDD control, the health education activities were implemented during 2007 - 2011. Before and after intervention, questionnaire was used to investigate the intervention effect. The primary school grade 5 students and women of childbearing age were included in the survey of IDD knowledge. Hierarchical random sampling method was used to select pupils and childbearing women. Results After health education, the rate of knowledge on IDD increased from 66.97%(13 321/19 890) to 93.49%(18 610/19 905,χ2 = 4 413.07, P < 0.05) among pupils, and 62.27%(6 193/9 945) to 93.96%(9 361/ 9 963, χ2= 2 924.18, P<0.05) among childbearing women. And the awareness had reached the national standard. But the survey results showed that: the rate of IDD related knowledge in rural areas was lower than that in town areas. The awareness rates of IDD in precaution, main hazards, identification of iodized salt were 46.50%(239/514), 55.25%(284/514) and 50.97%(262/514) among pupils in rural areas and 61.44%(376/612), 65.69%(402/612) and 70.59%(432/612) among pupils in town areas, and the awareness rates of pupils in rural areas were lower than those of pupils in town areas. Thirty-six point ninety-three per cent(226/612) of the pupils in towns and 35.60%(183/514) of the pupils in rural areas told this information to their parents. The awareness rates of IDD in precaution, main hazards, IDD prevention day were 49.25%(197/400), 50.75%(203/400) and 36.50%(146/400) among women in rural areas and 75.44%(298/395), 80.25%(317/395) and 57.97%(229/395) among women in town areas, and the rates of women in rural areas were lower than those of women in town areas. The rate of consciously purchasing of qualified iodized salt was 51.75%(207/400) and the consumption rate of iodized salt was 36.75%(147/400) among women in rural areas, which were 73.42%(290/395) and 43.80%(173/395) among women in town areas, and the rates in rural areas were lower than those in town areas. Conclusions Before health education of IDD, the rate of IDD related knowledge in Xi’an City is poor, rural areas are lower than town areas. Health education project is effective in promoting the understanding and grasp of IDD knowledge.

An RP-HPLC was established to determine scutellarin in rabbit plasma and to study pharmacokinetics of breviscapine in rabbits. The analytical column was DiamonsilTM C18(4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microns), the mobile phase consisted of methanol, 0.02 mol/L phosphate buffer(adjusted by phosphoric acid to pH 3.0) and acetonitrile (65:35:10), the flow rate was 1.0 ml.min-1, the column temperature was 25 degrees C and the detection wavelength was 334 nm. The results of the pharmacokinetics study showed that the concentration-time curve of scutellarin was conformed to two-compartment model, the chief pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: t1/2 alpha 1.29 +/- 0.53 min, t1/2 beta 10.40 +/- 1.97 min, Vc148.1 +/- 118.6 ml, and CL 57.5 +/- 31.7 ml.min-1.
Animals ; Apigenin ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Female ; Flavonoids ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Glucuronates ; blood ; Injections, Intravenous ; Male ; Rabbits

Taking Tanshinon IIA as the target and using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography,we have developed a rapid and sensitive assay for lipophilic components of Danshen (LCD) in perfusate. The model of intestinal absorption was used to determine the concentration of Tanshinon IIA in rats as an in situ model. The change of concentration of Tanshinon IIA was separately calculated according to Michaelis-Menten and the Fick's equation to investigate the absorptive limit step of the LCD. It was concluded that the limit step to absorption of LCD was at the dissolution, by assessing the fitting index or correlative index. On the basis of the conclusion, the experiment was designed to prepare the inclusive complex of the LCD with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) and to study its absorptive mechanism. With the increase of dosage of complex, its absorption did not show saturated phenomenon in gastro-intestinal tract in rats and the constant Ka did not show significant difference, suggesting that the transport of mechanism in vivo is similar to passive transport.
2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin ; Biological Transport ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diterpenes, Abietane ; Intestinal Absorption ; Phenanthrenes ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry ; beta-Cyclodextrins ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics

Objective: To study the effect of the sharp marginal ridge of the abutment on the casting of the fit metal full crown in dental preparation.Methods: We established the models of the designed crown-based-teeth(American Dental Association style,No2 trail) with a sharp or smooth marginal ridge,and cast a metal crown for each model.We injected silicone into the crown and immediately fixed it onto each model.Then we took out the solidified silicone and measured its thickness between the crown and the occlusal face of each model.The thinner the thickness,the better the fitness.Results: The average silicone thickness was 250 ?m in the smooth marginal ridge group and 1 660 ?m in the sharp marginal ridge group,with significant difference in between(P