AIMTo investigate the role of serine/threonine protein phosphatases in regulation of cell signal transduction on voltage-dependent sodium channels in rat trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. METHODSWhole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to record the total sodium current (INa-T) and the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current (INa-TTX-R) before and after okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, perfusion on adult rat TRG neurons. RESULTS1μmol*L-1 okadaic acid inhibited INa-T by (20±13)% (n=9, P<0.05) and INa-TTX-R by (4±3)% (n=6, P<0.05), respectively. The inhibition on INa-T was significantly greater than that on INa-TTX-R (P<0.05). Furthermore, 1μmol*L-1 okadaic acid produced significant 3-4 mV hyperpolarizing shifts in the conductance-voltage curves of INa-T, while it had no effect on that of INa-TTX-R. CONCLUSIONThe serine/threonine protein phosphatases take part in the regulation of total and TTX-R sodium channels on rat TRG neurons. In addition, small-diameter TRG neurons express various voltage-gated sodium channel with different sensitivity to okadaic acid.

AIM To investigate the effects of serine/threonine protein phosphatases in regulation of cell signal transduction on voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels in cultured rat trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons. METHODS Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the potassium and calcium currents from adult rat TRG neurons before and after perfusion of okadaic acid, a potent inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. RESULTS Okadaic acid 1 μmol·L-1 inhibited transient outwards potassium currents (IA) by 28.6%, increased delay rectified potassium currents (IK) and calcium currents (ICa) by 22.7% and 20.0%, respectively. okadaic acid 1 μmol·L-1 produced significant hyperpolarizing shifts in the conductance-voltage (G-V) curves and inactivation curves of IA , also produced significant hyperpolarizing shifts in the G-V curves of IK, while it had no effect on the activation and inactivation kinetics of ICa. CONCLUSION Serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A may be involved in the modulation of voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels on rat TRG neurons. In addition, voltage-gated potassium and calcium channels show different dependence on the dephosphorylation reactions of PP1 and PP2A phosphatases.

The different effects of capsaicin on I(A) and I(K) currents in pain-conduct neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG) were investigated. In cultured TG neurons of rats, whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to record the I(A) and I(K) before and after capsaicin perfused. Results revealed that 1 micromol/L capsaicin could inhibit the amplitude of I(A) by 48.2% (n = 10, P < 0.05), but had no inhibitory effect on I(K) (n = 7, P > 0.05). Ten micromol/L capsaicin could significantly inhibit the amplitude of I(A) by 93.2% (n = 8, P < 0.01), but only slightly inhibit the amplitude of I(K) by 13.2% (n = 7, P < 0.05). Neither 1 micromol/L nor 10 micromol/L capsaicin had effects on the active curve of I(A) and I(K). It was concluded that capsaicin could selectively inhibit the I(A) current, and this effect might involve in the analgesic mechanisms of capsaicin.

To investigate the effect of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on I(A) and I(K) currents in cultured murine trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the I(A) and I(K) currents before and after 20 ng/mL I(L)-1beta perfusion. Our results showed that 20 ng/mL IL-1beta inhibited I(A) currents (18.3 +/- 10.7)% (n=6, P<0.05). I(L)-1beta at 20 ng/mL had no effect on G-V curve of I(A) but moved the H-infinity curve V0.5 from -36.6+/-6.1 mV to -42.4+/-5.2 mV (n=5, P<0.01). However, 20 ng/mL IL-1beta had effect on neither the amplitude nor the G-V curve of I(K). IL-1beta was found to selectively inhibit I(A) current in TG neurons and the effect may contribute to hyperalgesia under various inflammatory conditions.

To investigate the effects of WIN 55,212-2 on IK in cultured rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to record the IK before and after WIN 55,212-2 perfusion at different concentrations. 30 μmol/L WIN 55,212-2 markedly (35.7 %±7.3%, P＜0. 01, n=8) inhibited IK currents, and the currents were partially recovered after washing.30μmol/L WIN 55,212-2 also induced a significant depolarizing shift in conductance-voltage parameters (control: V0.5 =10.43 ± 4.25 mV, k= 16.27±3.86; WIN 55,212-2: V0. 5 =24.71±3.91mV, k =16.69±2.75; n = 8, P＜0.01 for V0. 5). 0.01μmol/L WIN 55,212-2 slightly (27.0 %± 7.9 %, P＜0.05, n=7) increased IK currents, but had no significant change in conductance voltage parameters (control: V0.5 =10. 74±5. 27 mV, k=17. 33±2. 96; WIN 55,212-2: V0.5 =11.06±2.05 mV, k=19. 69±6. 60; n=7, P＞0.05 for V0.5 and k). These results suggested that WIN 55,212-2 has dual action, which might be through different receptors.

The different effects of capsaicin on IA and IK currents in pain-conduct neurons of trigeminal ganglia (TG) were investigated. In cultured TG neurons of rats, whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to record the IA and IK before and after capsaicin perfused. Results revealed that 1 μmol/L capsaicin could inhibit the amplitude of IA by 48.2% (n=10, P＜0.05), but had no inhibitory effect on IK (n=7, P＞0.05). Ten μmol/L capsaicin could significantly inhibit the amplitude of IA by 93.2% (n=8, P＜0.01), but only slightly inhibit the amplitude of IK by 13.2% (n=7,P＜0.05). Neither 1 μmol/L nor 10 μmol/L capsaicin had effects on the active curve of IA and IK.It was concluded that capsaicin could selectively inhibit the IA current, and this effect might involve in the analgesic mechanisms of capsaicin.

Objective To investigate the application effect of spiral fault fixed field intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) in middle segment esophageal carcinoma.Methods A total of 83 IMRT and TD patients received radiotherapy in our hospital for middle esophageal cancer were selected,and IMRT and TD radiotherapies were applied by Pinnacle 39.0 treatment planning system by cloth field and location shooting,The average dose,acceptable dosages of 5％ and 95％ organ volume,30 ～ 40 Gy dosage volume of heart,the maximum dose of spinal cord,the volumes of lungs with doses of 5,20 and 30 Gy,average dose of normal tissue,conformal index and evenness index were assessed.Results TD plan had superior target area conformal and evenness indicators,and acceptable dosages of 5 ％ organ volume as compared to IMRT (P ＜ 0.05).The comparison of organs at risk showed that IMRT plans had larger volumes of lungs with doses of 20 and 30Gy than TD plan (P ＜0.05),but no significant difference was seen in other indexes (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with intensity modulated radiation therapy,helical tomographic fixed field intensity-modulated radiation therapy can better improve target area conformal and evenness indicators,and reduce maximum dose of both lungs.

Objective The aim of this study is to assess the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure ( NCPAP) in prone position on the treatment of the premature infants with apnea .Methods Totals of 80 premature infants treated with NCPAP in the NICU from January to December , 2012 were observed . According to the random number table method , the premature infants were divided into prone position group and supine position group . Each group was treated with NCPAP and aminophylline , and relevant nursing intervention.The changes of their frequencies of apnea , PEEP, FiO2 , PaO2 , and PaCO2 , etc.were observed and compared.Results The effective rate of the prone group was 97.5% and the effective rate of the supine group was 82.5%.The difference was significant (χ2 =8.41, P<0.05).The PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 in the prone group were (77.24 ±9.56), (171.25 ±31.13)mmHg, respectively, which were higher than (67.52 ± 8.61), (143.26 ±26.34)mmHg in the supine group.The differences were significant (t =2.16, 2.14, respectively;P<0.05).The time of ventilation, hospital stays and use of aminophylline were (3.65 ±2.01), (28.25 ±13.98), (10.82 ±9.08)d, which were lower than (4.83 ±3.51), (30.14 ±12.61), (12.21 ± 9.37)d in the supine group, the differences were significant (t=0.23, 1.96, 2.37, respectively;P<0.05). Conclusions Compared with the traditional supine position , treating the neonate with NCPAP in prone position can not only improve their oxygenation , PaO2 and oxygenation indexes , but also reduce the risk of apnea , as well as shortening the time of ventilation and using of aminophylline .It also reduces the treatment of intubation and ventilation, and relieves the financial burden of hospitalization on the infant ’ parents.

Objective To investigate the effect of diammonium glycyrrhizinate(DG)on pulmonary injury of rats with pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods The rat models of pulmonary tuberculosis were constructed and then the an-imals were randomly divided into model group,diammonium glycyrrhizinate treatment groups(low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose)groups,high dose of diammonium glycyrrhizinate plus peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)inhibitor group(H-DG+GW9662 group),and another 18 rats were selected as control group.The colony count of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb)in lung tissue was detected.HE staining microscopy was ap-plied to detect lung histopathology.TUNEL was applied to detect apoptosis of lung tissue cells.ELISA was applied to detect serum level of inflammatory factors.Western blot was applied to measure PPARγ,phosphorylated p38 mi-togen-activated protein kinase(p-p38MAPK)and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38MAPK)in lung tissue.Results Compared with the control group,the lung tissue structure in model group was severely damaged with a large number of proliferative tuberculosis nodules,changes of alveolar morphology,inflammatory cell infiltration and even caseous necrosis were found,and the number of tuberculosis colonies,apoptosis rate,TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-γ,COX-2 levels,and p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK expression were all increased,while PPARγ expression was decreased(P＜0.05).In L-DG,M-DG,H-DG groups improvement of lung tissue structure,alveolar morphology,inflammatory cell infiltration,and caseous necrosis were found as compared to the model group,while the counting number of tuberculosis colonies decreased and rate of cell apoptosis decreased.The level of TNF-α,IL-6,IFN-γ,COX-2 and expression of p-p38MAPK/p38MAPK reduced,the expression of PPARγ all increased.The H-DG group showed the most significant changes(P＜0.05).GW9662 treatment significantly reversed the improvement of DG on pulmonary injury in rats with pulmonary tuberculosis.Conclusions DG improves lung injury in rats with pul-monary tuberculosis and its mechanism is potentially related to the activation of PPARγ pathway and inhibition of p38MAPK pathway.

Objective To discuss prone-position combined with massage impacted on the feeding intolerance of premature infant with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Methods The objects of study were the 134 premature infants with nasal continuous positive airway pressure ( NCPAP) in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ( NICU ) the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January to December 2013. According to the single-blinded and random number table, they were divided into 4 groups, namely prone position group ( 33 cases ) , supine position group ( 34 cases ) , prone-position combined massage group (32 cases) and supine-position combined massage group (35 cases). All these 4 groups were given NCPAP and relevant nursing treatment; the feeding effects of 4 groups were compared. Results With regard to feeding intolerance concerning vomit, abdominal distension and gastric retention in 4 groups, prone-position combined massage group was lower than the other groups with statistical significance (P<0. 05). The time of NCPAP, days of hospitalization, length of nasogastric tube indwelling, time of regaining birth weight and time of reaching full enteral nutrition existed differences in 4 groups, in which infants of prone-position combined with message used least time with statistical significance (P <0. 05). Conclusions The prone-position combined with massage group attributes to the gastrointastinal tract function and feeding intolerance condition of premature infant and reduces mechanical ventilation time and length of hospitalization.