OBJECTIVE:To study the bioequivalence of the domestic and the imported mycophenolate mofetil capsules in human body.METHODS:A single dose of 1 000mg domestic mycophenolate mofetil capsules(trial)or its reference capsule(imported ones)were given to each volunteer in a randomized double cross-over design.The plasma concentration was determined by RP-HPLC.The pharmacokinetic parameters of two preparations were calculated and the bioequivalence of which was evaluated.RESULTS:The main pharmacokinetic parameter of the trial vs.the reference preparations of mycophenolate mofetil capsules were as follows:Cmax:(26.38?9.55)versus(25.84?12.08)?g?mL-1;tmax:(0.79?0.40)h versus(0.94?0.59)h;t1/2:(18.01?7.65)h versus(15.62?8.50)h;AUC0～48:(54.69?15.58)versus(51.68?12.36)?g?h?mL-1;AUC0～∞:(61.10?17.06)versus(57.99?17.21)?g?h?mL-1.The relative bioavailability of the trial preparation was(107.22?25.39)%.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that the two formulations are bioequivalent.

Background The visual development is completed during the critical period in human and mammals.However,the critical period is not the initial of receiving visual experience.It is known that before the onset of critical period in mammals,such as mouse,there is an earlier stage for visual development,the pre-critical period.The research of response characteristics of the visual cortical neurons and the synaptic plasticity in the pre-critical period is still in the exploratory stage.Objective The study aimed to preliminarily investigate the response properties of neurons and synaptic plasticity in mouse visual cortex during the pre-critical period.Methods Fortyeight postnatal day 13-17 C57BL/6J mice were used for in vivo whole-cell recordings and in vitro brain slice wholecell recordings.In vivo whole-cell recordings were done in anesthetized mice.Moving bars in different directions were produced and controlled by a Matlab program.Cell recordings were obtained at the depth of layer Ⅳ of visual cortex.Step current stimuli under current clamp were given to measure the membrane response properties of neurons.Optimal visual stimuli were given to measure the in vivo largest responses of membrane potentials.In vitro experiments were performed after in vivo experiments.All cells were given current step stimuli to measure the membrane response properties of neurons.Different intensities of white-matter-to-layer-Ⅳpathway stimulation were given to measure the evoked response properties.All cells from 48 mice were randomized into 4 groups according to different stimulus training modes,including low frequency stimulation (LFS),high frequency theta-burst stimulation (TBS),pre-post synaptic timing stimulation (pre-post TS) and post-pre synaptic timing stimulation (post-pre TS).Under the voltage clamp of-70 mV,excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) before and after training were recorded to measure the plastic changes of excitatory synaptic connections.pClamp 10 was used for the pre-analysis of data and Matlab 2008a was used for statistical analysis.The use and care of the animals followed the Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.Results Thirty-nine cells and 48 cells were successfully recorded in the in vivo and in vitro experiments,respectively.The steady-state average number of action potentials (APs) were (1.01 ± 0.03)/sweep and (1.01 ±0.05)/sweep,the AP thresholds were (-40.2 ± 3.2) mV and (-39.6 ±2.0) mV,and the threshold step current levels were (126.7 ± 17.4) pA and (129.6 ± 17.5) pA in the in vivo and in vitro recordings,respectively,with no significant differences between them (APs:t =0.512,P =0.610;AP thresholds:t =-1.074,P =0.286;current levels:t =-0.776,P =0.440).Under the optimal visual or pathway stimulation,the average peak response of membrane potentials was (7.3 ±4.3)mV and (6.4±2.8)mV with rarely evoked APs in the in vivo and in vitro experiments,respectively,with no significant difference between them (t =1.234,P =0.221).Under the in vitro recording,the EPSCs before LFS were [(138.1 ±51.9)pA],which was significantly higher than that after LFS [(76.1 ± 34.8)pA] (t=4.437,P=0.001),but no significant differences were seen in EPSCs before and after TBS (t=-0.756,P=0.466).The EPSCs before and after pre-post TS were (122.4±62.2)pA and (78.5±46.7)pA,and those before and after post-pre TS were (131.9 ±48.0) pA and (74.3 ± 30.7) pA,showing significant differences between them (pre-post TS:t =3.558,P =0.004;post-pre TS:t =4.283,P =0.001).Conclusions The construction of fundamental neural circuits in layer Ⅳ of mouse visual cortex is completed during pre-critical period.However,the membrane responsive capability of neurons and the synaptic connections are in an immature state,and the evoked responses to visual pathway inputs are basically subthreshold.The strength of synaptic connections is depressed with low frequency stimulation or pre-post/post-pre synaptic timing stimulation,and kept unchanged with high frequency stimulation.The development of visual neural system of PSP in mouse presents different characteristics from CP.

Objective To investigate expressions of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and their receptors in cardiac repair/remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI).Methods The infarcted rat heart model were constructed,real time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blots (WB) were used.Results Compared to the normal myocardium,VEGF-A was significantly decreased in MI group during the 42 days observation period but decreased at day 1,which was 0.89 ±0.04 of control group in D1,0.25 ±0.03 of control in D14; VEGF-B was significantly suppressed in the infarcted heart,which level was 0.09 ± 0.04 of control; However,VEGF-C and VEGF-D were markedly increased in the infarcted heart in MI group,which was 5.31 ± 0.21 and 9.24 ± 0.47 times of control.Meanwhile,VEGFR-1 and 2 were 0.11 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.04 of control in the infarcted heart,but VEGFR-3 was significantly increased in blood vessels,6.81 ± 0.42 times of control group.Conclusions VEGF isoforms and VEGFR subtypes were differentially expressed in the infarcted heart.It suggests that these isoforms may regulate multiple responses during cardiac repair/remodeling.

Objectives:To evaluate the effect of partial parenteral nutrition(PPN) with fat emulsion on liver function and energy metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods:67 cirrhotic patients were divided into two groups randomly and given PPN with(group 1, 33 cases) or without(group 2, 34 cases)fat emulsion for two weeks separately.Their liver function test,fasting blood glucose(FGB) and insulin(Ins) and postprandial blood glucose at 2nd hour (PPBG 2 h),lipid metabolism and arteral ketone body ratio(AKBR) were examined respectively before and after PPN. Results:Having been given PPN for two weeks,ALT and TB levels were decreased in group 1( P 0.05 ). Alb level was decreased in group 2( P 0.05). TG,CH and PL levels were normal in group 1( P 0.05).AKBR was increased in group 1( P

Seven guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, a new compound 6-formyl-5-isopropyl-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl-1H-indene (1), a new natural product 5-isopropyl-3, 7-dimethyl-1H-indene-1-one (2), along with five known compounds: guaiazulene (3), 4-formyl-7-isopropyl-10-methylazulene (4), sesquiterpene ketolactone (5), alismoxide (6) and guaia-1 (5), 6-diene (7), were isolated from gorgonian Muriceides collaris collected in South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis [MS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR (DEPT), HMQC, HMBC, NOESY] and by comparison of the spectral data with those of the literatures.

AIM:To observe the efficacy and safety of ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam for sacral block in pediatric operation.METHODS:40 cases of patients aged 1-6 years old,who were going to be operated in hypogastrium,perineum and lower limb,were randomly and double-blindly divided into four groups with ten cases each:control group(bupivacaine 2.5 mg/kg),low dosage group(ropivacaine 2.5 mg/kg),middle dosage group(ropivacaine 3.5 mg/kg)and high dosage group(ropivacaine 5.0 mg/kg).Sacral block was performed after induction of inhalation anaesthesia with sevoflurane.Sedation was induced by midazolam(0.2 mg/kg)administered through mainline 5 min before the surgical procedure.RESULTS:In a certain dosage range,ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam anesthesia for sacral block showed a slight influence on diastolic blood pressure,mean arterial pressure,heart rate and pulse oxygen saturation.Those parameters remained in the physiological normal range,though they dropped slightly during the operative period.Compared with bupivacaine group,the postoperative analgesic period was similar in the high and middle ropivacaine groups,while it was shorter in low ropivacaine group.There was no significant adverse effect in all groups except for operative stretch reflex and postoperative vomiting in individual patients.CONCLUSION:Ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam anesthesia for sacral block has a slight influence on hemodynamics,prolongs the postoperative analgesic period,and shows less adverse effect.

Background EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker has been used in ophthalmology to evaluate the ocular movement ability.Its systemic precision depends on the performance of the eye tracker, and it is also an essential parameter for the evaluation of the data quality.Therefore, the impact of infrared intensity should be illustrated.Objective This study was to assess the systemic precision of the video eye tracker and evaluate the impact of infrared intensity on the result.Methods The EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker and a pair of artificial eyes were used in this study.Firstly the artificial eyes were fixed to the corresponding position as the real human eyes.Each session of recording was undertaken under the different infrared intensities (100％ , 75％ and 50％).The sampling frequency of binocular recording was set as 1 000 Hz.Each session was sequentially recorded for 60 seconds.The systemic precision was calculated as the root mean square (RMS) of angular distances between successive data points.The RMS values under the different infrared intensities were compared.Results The highest RMS values were (0.005 01 ± 0.000 20) ° under the 100％ infrared intensity.As the decline of infrared intensities ,RMS values were gradually raised, showing a significant difference among different infrared intensity groups (F =3 791.447, P＜0.01).The differences were also significant between different groups (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions EyeLink 2 000 video eye tracker has good system precision.The infrared intensity influence the system precision of the video eye tracker.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated that smooth muscle injury or ischemia/reperfusion injury result in tissue factor (TF) increasing. However, few reports concern the expression and mechanism of TF in venous bypass grafting.OBJECTIVE: To examine changes in TF protein expression in response to venous bypass grafting.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The animal observation experiment was performed at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from May 2006 to May 2008.MATERIALS: A total of 30 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.METHODS: Rats were underwent interposition bypass grafting of the common carotid artery via the ipsilateral external jugular vein. Namely, the proximal end of external jugular vein was ligated at the joints of external jugular vein and internal jugular vein, and the distal end of external jugular vein was ligated before branches. The proximal and distal ends of common carotid artery were occluded by artery clamp, and a 5 mm artery was removed. The proximal end of artery was anastomosed with distal end of artery, and the frontal wall was sutured with posterior wall. After that, the proximal end of external jugular vein was cut down and coincided with the distal end of common carotid artery.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression of TF and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Meantime, TF activity in vessel protein extracts was determined with TF activity assay kit, and the thickness of intima, media were calculated by computer imaging analysis system. The contralateral external jugular veins were served as the control.RESULTS: The adventitia of all vessels showed abundant TF staining. In early vein grafts, TF staining was markedly increased in the intima and media. However, intimal and media TF staining was absent in the contralateral control jugular veins and late vein grafts. The number of PCNA positive cells was increased in the vein grafts at day 3 after grafting, obvious increased at day 7, and reached the peak at day 14. TF activity in whole-vessel protein extracts was similar in control veins and early and late vein grafts. The thickness of neointima of the vein graft increased significantly at days 7, 14, and 28, and the thickness of media increased significantly at days 14 and 28.CONCLUSION: The changes of TF expression at various time points may relate to hyperplasia of neointima.

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents of gorgonian Muriceides collaris. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC. Their chemical structures were identified by physicochemical analysis,spectroscopic analysis,and comparison with the data of literatures. Results From the CH3OH soluble extract of Muriceides collaris,nine compounds were isolated,and their structures were determined as cholesterol (1),batyl alcohol (2),benzoic acid (3),uracil (4),thymine (5),2'-deoxyuridine (6),2'-deoxythymidine (7),thymidine (8) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (9),respectively. Conclusion All compounds were obtained from the species Muriceides collaris for the first time.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the hemostatic coagulation markers of pr ethrombosis state and pregnancy induced hypertension(PIH). Methods Forty-five PIH patients and 20 control patients were studied. P-selectin, pro thrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2), D-dimers(D-D) and plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Antithrombin activity (AT: A) was measured by chromogenic peptide substrate assay. Results (1) The P-selectin level of pre-delivery in moderate and severe PIH patients w as (66?24)?g/L and (80?30)?g/L, it was (49?15)?g/L in the control group ( both P