OBJECTIVE:To study the bioequivalence of the domestic and the imported mycophenolate mofetil capsules in human body.METHODS:A single dose of 1 000mg domestic mycophenolate mofetil capsules(trial)or its reference capsule(imported ones)were given to each volunteer in a randomized double cross-over design.The plasma concentration was determined by RP-HPLC.The pharmacokinetic parameters of two preparations were calculated and the bioequivalence of which was evaluated.RESULTS:The main pharmacokinetic parameter of the trial vs.the reference preparations of mycophenolate mofetil capsules were as follows:Cmax:(26.38?9.55)versus(25.84?12.08)?g?mL-1;tmax:(0.79?0.40)h versus(0.94?0.59)h;t1/2:(18.01?7.65)h versus(15.62?8.50)h;AUC0～48:(54.69?15.58)versus(51.68?12.36)?g?h?mL-1;AUC0～∞:(61.10?17.06)versus(57.99?17.21)?g?h?mL-1.The relative bioavailability of the trial preparation was(107.22?25.39)%.CONCLUSION:The results suggest that the two formulations are bioequivalent.

Background The visual development is completed during the critical period in human and mammals.However,the critical period is not the initial of receiving visual experience.It is known that before the onset of critical period in mammals,such as mouse,there is an earlier stage for visual development,the pre-critical period.The research of response characteristics of the visual cortical neurons and the synaptic plasticity in the pre-critical period is still in the exploratory stage.Objective The study aimed to preliminarily investigate the response properties of neurons and synaptic plasticity in mouse visual cortex during the pre-critical period.Methods Fortyeight postnatal day 13-17 C57BL/6J mice were used for in vivo whole-cell recordings and in vitro brain slice wholecell recordings.In vivo whole-cell recordings were done in anesthetized mice.Moving bars in different directions were produced and controlled by a Matlab program.Cell recordings were obtained at the depth of layer Ⅳ of visual cortex.Step current stimuli under current clamp were given to measure the membrane response properties of neurons.Optimal visual stimuli were given to measure the in vivo largest responses of membrane potentials.In vitro experiments were performed after in vivo experiments.All cells were given current step stimuli to measure the membrane response properties of neurons.Different intensities of white-matter-to-layer-Ⅳpathway stimulation were given to measure the evoked response properties.All cells from 48 mice were randomized into 4 groups according to different stimulus training modes,including low frequency stimulation (LFS),high frequency theta-burst stimulation (TBS),pre-post synaptic timing stimulation (pre-post TS) and post-pre synaptic timing stimulation (post-pre TS).Under the voltage clamp of-70 mV,excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) before and after training were recorded to measure the plastic changes of excitatory synaptic connections.pClamp 10 was used for the pre-analysis of data and Matlab 2008a was used for statistical analysis.The use and care of the animals followed the Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.Results Thirty-nine cells and 48 cells were successfully recorded in the in vivo and in vitro experiments,respectively.The steady-state average number of action potentials (APs) were (1.01 ± 0.03)/sweep and (1.01 ±0.05)/sweep,the AP thresholds were (-40.2 ± 3.2) mV and (-39.6 ±2.0) mV,and the threshold step current levels were (126.7 ± 17.4) pA and (129.6 ± 17.5) pA in the in vivo and in vitro recordings,respectively,with no significant differences between them (APs:t =0.512,P =0.610;AP thresholds:t =-1.074,P =0.286;current levels:t =-0.776,P =0.440).Under the optimal visual or pathway stimulation,the average peak response of membrane potentials was (7.3 ±4.3)mV and (6.4±2.8)mV with rarely evoked APs in the in vivo and in vitro experiments,respectively,with no significant difference between them (t =1.234,P =0.221).Under the in vitro recording,the EPSCs before LFS were [(138.1 ±51.9)pA],which was significantly higher than that after LFS [(76.1 ± 34.8)pA] (t=4.437,P=0.001),but no significant differences were seen in EPSCs before and after TBS (t=-0.756,P=0.466).The EPSCs before and after pre-post TS were (122.4±62.2)pA and (78.5±46.7)pA,and those before and after post-pre TS were (131.9 ±48.0) pA and (74.3 ± 30.7) pA,showing significant differences between them (pre-post TS:t =3.558,P =0.004;post-pre TS:t =4.283,P =0.001).Conclusions The construction of fundamental neural circuits in layer Ⅳ of mouse visual cortex is completed during pre-critical period.However,the membrane responsive capability of neurons and the synaptic connections are in an immature state,and the evoked responses to visual pathway inputs are basically subthreshold.The strength of synaptic connections is depressed with low frequency stimulation or pre-post/post-pre synaptic timing stimulation,and kept unchanged with high frequency stimulation.The development of visual neural system of PSP in mouse presents different characteristics from CP.

Objective To investigate expressions of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and their receptors in cardiac repair/remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI).Methods The infarcted rat heart model were constructed,real time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blots (WB) were used.Results Compared to the normal myocardium,VEGF-A was significantly decreased in MI group during the 42 days observation period but decreased at day 1,which was 0.89 ±0.04 of control group in D1,0.25 ±0.03 of control in D14; VEGF-B was significantly suppressed in the infarcted heart,which level was 0.09 ± 0.04 of control; However,VEGF-C and VEGF-D were markedly increased in the infarcted heart in MI group,which was 5.31 ± 0.21 and 9.24 ± 0.47 times of control.Meanwhile,VEGFR-1 and 2 were 0.11 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.04 of control in the infarcted heart,but VEGFR-3 was significantly increased in blood vessels,6.81 ± 0.42 times of control group.Conclusions VEGF isoforms and VEGFR subtypes were differentially expressed in the infarcted heart.It suggests that these isoforms may regulate multiple responses during cardiac repair/remodeling.

Background EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker has been used in ophthalmology to evaluate the ocular movement ability.Its systemic precision depends on the performance of the eye tracker, and it is also an essential parameter for the evaluation of the data quality.Therefore, the impact of infrared intensity should be illustrated.Objective This study was to assess the systemic precision of the video eye tracker and evaluate the impact of infrared intensity on the result.Methods The EyeLink 2000 high speed video eye tracker and a pair of artificial eyes were used in this study.Firstly the artificial eyes were fixed to the corresponding position as the real human eyes.Each session of recording was undertaken under the different infrared intensities (100％ , 75％ and 50％).The sampling frequency of binocular recording was set as 1 000 Hz.Each session was sequentially recorded for 60 seconds.The systemic precision was calculated as the root mean square (RMS) of angular distances between successive data points.The RMS values under the different infrared intensities were compared.Results The highest RMS values were (0.005 01 ± 0.000 20) ° under the 100％ infrared intensity.As the decline of infrared intensities ,RMS values were gradually raised, showing a significant difference among different infrared intensity groups (F =3 791.447, P＜0.01).The differences were also significant between different groups (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions EyeLink 2 000 video eye tracker has good system precision.The infrared intensity influence the system precision of the video eye tracker.

Objectives:To evaluate the effect of partial parenteral nutrition(PPN) with fat emulsion on liver function and energy metabolism in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods:67 cirrhotic patients were divided into two groups randomly and given PPN with(group 1, 33 cases) or without(group 2, 34 cases)fat emulsion for two weeks separately.Their liver function test,fasting blood glucose(FGB) and insulin(Ins) and postprandial blood glucose at 2nd hour (PPBG 2 h),lipid metabolism and arteral ketone body ratio(AKBR) were examined respectively before and after PPN. Results:Having been given PPN for two weeks,ALT and TB levels were decreased in group 1( P 0.05 ). Alb level was decreased in group 2( P 0.05). TG,CH and PL levels were normal in group 1( P 0.05).AKBR was increased in group 1( P

AIM:To observe the efficacy and safety of ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam for sacral block in pediatric operation.METHODS:40 cases of patients aged 1-6 years old,who were going to be operated in hypogastrium,perineum and lower limb,were randomly and double-blindly divided into four groups with ten cases each:control group(bupivacaine 2.5 mg/kg),low dosage group(ropivacaine 2.5 mg/kg),middle dosage group(ropivacaine 3.5 mg/kg)and high dosage group(ropivacaine 5.0 mg/kg).Sacral block was performed after induction of inhalation anaesthesia with sevoflurane.Sedation was induced by midazolam(0.2 mg/kg)administered through mainline 5 min before the surgical procedure.RESULTS:In a certain dosage range,ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam anesthesia for sacral block showed a slight influence on diastolic blood pressure,mean arterial pressure,heart rate and pulse oxygen saturation.Those parameters remained in the physiological normal range,though they dropped slightly during the operative period.Compared with bupivacaine group,the postoperative analgesic period was similar in the high and middle ropivacaine groups,while it was shorter in low ropivacaine group.There was no significant adverse effect in all groups except for operative stretch reflex and postoperative vomiting in individual patients.CONCLUSION:Ropivacaine supplemented with midazolam anesthesia for sacral block has a slight influence on hemodynamics,prolongs the postoperative analgesic period,and shows less adverse effect.

Seven guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids, a new compound 6-formyl-5-isopropyl-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methyl-1H-indene (1), a new natural product 5-isopropyl-3, 7-dimethyl-1H-indene-1-one (2), along with five known compounds: guaiazulene (3), 4-formyl-7-isopropyl-10-methylazulene (4), sesquiterpene ketolactone (5), alismoxide (6) and guaia-1 (5), 6-diene (7), were isolated from gorgonian Muriceides collaris collected in South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis [MS, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR (DEPT), HMQC, HMBC, NOESY] and by comparison of the spectral data with those of the literatures.

Objective To evaluate the promotional effectiveness of different TCM appropriate technology packages; To provide a scientific basis for improving the technology package. Methods 8 assessment indexes, including input costs, the number of experts, the number of people with senior professional post, the number of grassroots people under the guidance of experts, the number of training hours, the number of people receiving training, evaluating rate and the number of users were selected. TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the promotional effectiveness of five kinds of TCM packages in grassroots. Results The Ci values for appropriate technology packages were 0.76 for pains in neck, shoulder, waist and lower extremities, 0.49 for gynecological diseases, 0.44 for infantile diarrhea, 0.66 for chronic gastropathy, and 0.00 for tumors. Conclusion The effectiveness of promotion of TCM appropriate technology packages from high to low is pains in neck, shoulder, waist and lower extremities package, chronic gastropathy package, gynecological diseases package, infantile diarrhea package, tumors package.

Background The characteristics of eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes is so complicated that the time-series waveform can hardly demonstrate the oscillational kinetic property of the eye movement of nystagmus,which is not convenient for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation.The eye movement system is a nonlinear feedback control system,and phase portrait analysis is a useful method in describing the characteristics of movement in a nonlinear system.Objective This study was to establish the phase portrait analysis method of the eye movement waveforms in congenital nystagmus eyes and provide a new technique for the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of congenital nystagmus.Methods A prospective series-case observational study was performed.This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Ethic Commission of Tianjin Eye Hospital.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before examination.Twenty-five patients with congenital nystagmus were enrolled and received examination of video-oculography (VOG) in Tianjin Eye Hospital from April 2012 to February 2013,including 12 patients with congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) and 13 patients with latent nystagmus (LN).The VOG data were format-converted and processed by a Matlab routine.VOG-based phase portraits of eye movement cycles were drawn and related parameters were measured from the phase portraits for further analysis and comparison.Main measurement indexes were cycle position shift (CPS),slow phase peak velocity (SPV),standardized slow-phase peak (SSPV),fast phase peak velocity (FPV) and standardized fast-phase peak velocity (SFPV).Two principal types of waveforms,increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type were compared.Results The phase portraits of the waveforms of congenital nystagmus were cycles of reciprocating trajectories.The slow phases were in dense ribbon region,and the fast phases were in sparse annular region,and all the trajectories travelled in clockwise.The CPS,SPV and FPV of increasing-velocity type were (4.646 ± 1.565),(223.821 ± 114.049),(767.481 ±263.560) ° per second,respectively.The CPS,SPV and FPV of decreasing-velocity type were (9.373 ±4.189),(357.531 ± 154.300) and (1 148.706 ±541.362) ° per second,respectively.The SPVs and FPVs of both increasing-velocity type and decreasing-velocity type showed strong correlation with CPS,respectively (the increasing-velocity type:rSPV-CPS =0.685,P=0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.680,P=0.000;the decreasing-velocity type rSPV-CPS =0.783,P =0.000;rFPV-CPS =0.803,P =0.000).FPVs were significantly larger than SPVs in both types of waveforms (t =6.558,P =0.000;t =5.068,P =0.000).The SSPV of increasing-velocity type was (48.062 ± 15.365) ° per second,which was slightly larger than (41.099± 17.027) ° per second of decreasing-velocity type,with no significant difference between them (t=1.070,P=0.296).The SFPV of increasing-velocity type was (171.186±47.825)° per second,which was larger than (125.317-±38.266)° per second of decreasing-velocity type,showing a significant difference between them (t =2.658,P =0.014).Conclusions Phase portraits can visualize the cyclically dynamic features of congenital nystagmus in a direct way.It facilitates the measurement of eye movement amplitude,speed and other parameters.The phase portrait analysis method provides a novel useful tool in the clinical diagnosis and treatment efficacy evaluation of congenital nystagmus.

Objective To study the relevance between the level of thyroid hormone and anti‐thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) during gestation period .Methods From November 2011 to May 2014 ,150 gravidas were chosen as objectives ,and were divided into 2 groups according TPOAb .The clinical feature ,level of thyroid hormone ,pregnancy outcome ,and complication of neo‐phyte between 2 groups were compared .Results In 150 gravidas ,44 were positive in TPOAb and 106 were negative .The age ,ges‐tational weeks and BMI between two groups had no statistical difference(P>0 .05) .At the early and middle pregnancy as well as at the late pregnancy ,the level of thyroid hormone between two groups had statistical difference(P<0 .05);In study group ,the level of thyroid hormone of early and middle pregnancy and that of late pregnancy had statistical difference(P<0 .05) .The rate of unde‐sirable gestational outcome and that of neophyte complication between two groups had statistical difference(P<0 .05) .Conclusion During gestation period ,the TPOAb was significant for the diagnosis of the sub‐clinical hypothyroidism ,as well for prognosis of gravidas .