The severe infectious diseases caused by virus are occurring with increasing frequency, which poses a rising global threat to human health and life.There are many kinds of viruses that cause a wide variety of viral diseases.The same kind of virus is able to cause different diseases, meanwhile a disease can be caused by different viruses.All these conditions make the relationship between viral pathogens and infection diseases complicated.At present, no effective laboratory detection methods for most of virus infectious diseases are developed.But the rapid development of molecular diagnostic technologies makes it possible for clinical laboratory to detect viral infection diseases rapidly and simultaneously.This review summarized the present and development perspectives of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of clinical virus infections, attempting to give some advices for laboratory diagnosis procedure of viral infections.

BACKGROUND:Artificial electronic cochlear (AEC) is a high-tech product used as a therapeutic substitute for pathological cochlear, and the implantative state of AEC can be assessed with the aid of imaging techniques.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of CT and X-ray examination in the evaluation of preoperative selection and postoperative therapeutic result of patients with AEC implantation.DESIGN: Self-control observaton.SETTING:Auditory Rebuilding Ward of Otolaryngology Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University.PARTICIPANTS:Forty-four patients prepared for AEC implantation because of severe sensorineural hearing loss or extremely severer sensorineural hearing loss were recruited from the Otolaryngological Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University from January 1999 to June 2003.Thirty-two patients were with prespeech hearing loss, aged 2.5-12 and 12patients with postspeech hearing loss, aged 10-42.METHODS: Axial high-resolution temporal bone CT and three-dimensional reconstruction of inner ear were performed on 44 patients. They lay in supine position and received bilateral symmetric scanning with view of 9.6 cm. The baseline was set at the level of upper limit of auditory frame, and temporal bone was axially scanned. The scanning parameters were:thickness of 1 mm,spiral distance of 1.0 and interval of 0.5 mm; inserting rebuilding was performed after scanning with thickness of 1mm and interval of 0.1 mm. The improved routine cochlear axial stenves-X-ray image was performed after operation, and three patients underwent spiral CT temporal volume scanning due to suspicious postoperative complications.Postoperative inner ear and the arrangement and depth of implanted AEC.RESULTS: Totally 44 patients were remained in the result analysis perstructure: Of the 32 patients with prespeech deafness, 1 case (2 ears) was diagnosed as type Ⅰ Mondini malformation and 2 cases (4 ears) as type ⅡMondini malformation. Of the 12 patients with postspeech deafness, chronic suppurative otitis meadia was observed in 2 cases (4 ears ) , inner ear ossification in 1case (2 ears ), large vestibular aqueduct syndrome in 3 cases(6the arrangement and depth of implanted AEC :image of X-ray indicated that the electrode was implanted right in cochlea,displaying planar spiral shape and located at the bottom of inner-ear channel. Postoperative CT scanning was performed on 3 cases and revealed that electron was implanted into the bottom surroundings through round window and the electrode got twisted and infected in one cases.three-dimensional reconstruction of inner ear can be adopted before AEC implantation for screening out acute and chronic suppurative and severe ray image can afford clues to know the position and depth of implanted AEC and find out the twist and olithy of electrode, if any CT and cochlea image are supplemented for preoperative case selection and postoperative therapeutic evaluation, helping AEC to exert auditory function to the maximual degree.

Objective To evaluate the value of clinical application of sedated gastrocolonoscopy,to release distress of patients,improve curative effect.Methods To select 148 patients with gastrointestinal diseases who received gastrocolonoscopy,148 patients were divided into two groups randomly,therapy group 74 patients,control group 74 patients.Results The patients of therapy group had less distress,higher compliance,no adverse reaction.All of patients completed diagnosis successfully.But the patients of control group appeared adverse reactions,including vomiting,restlessness equal.Furthermore 9 patients end manipulate because of this.Conclusion Sedated gastrocolonoscopy versus conventional gastrocolonoscopy had less adverse reactions,higher security,and it should be spread in clinical application.

Objective To study the synthesis of lactosaminated carboxymethylchitosan (Lac-CMCS) and its action of delivering plasmid DNA into cells. Methods The lactosaminated carboxymethylchitosan was synthesized by reductive amination and was conjugated with plasmid contained antisense x gene. This complex was delivered into cells and these cells were cultured in 37℃,5%CO_(2). Testing the inhibition on HBV by determining HBsAg and HBeAg produced by HepG2.2.15 cells with ELISA technique. Results The molar ratio between lactose and CMCS was 15∶1 in this covalence conjugate. The best mass ratio of DNA to Lac-CMCS was 1∶10 in DNA/Lac-CMCS which was able to deliver gene into cells, and the ma-ximal inhibition rate was 83.6%. Conclusion In vitro, the lactosaminated carboxymethylchitosan can effectively deliver DNA into cells.

【Objective】External fixation for supracondylar fracture of humerus is improved for the effective prevention of cubitus varus.【Methods】Sixty-eight patients with severe displaced supracondylar fracture of humerus was fixed by medial-lateral splint and elastic rubber ring,with elbow fixed in flexion and supination and near the chest by plaster support.【Results】 The results of follow-up showed that 68 patients were clinically cured,and the rate of cubitus varus was 2.9%,which was lower than that by other methods reported in domestic literatures.【Conclusion】This kind of fixation has the advantages of fixing the fracture firmly,keeping good para-position,preventing rotation displacement,counteracting gravitation-induced ulnar deviation and reducing the occurrence of cubitus varus.

OBJECTIVE:To economically evaluate the therapeutic effects of papaverine of papaverine plus phentolamine on patients with impotence METHODS:100 patients with impotence were divided into two groups The patients in the first group were treated with papaverine alone The patients in the second group were treated with papaverine plus phentolamine RESU_LTS:The therapeutic rates were 94% and 96% in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱrespectively CONCLUSION:Both therapeutic schemes were effective in treating impotence,however,combined use was slightly better The single use of papaverine is simpler and cheaper

Objective:To investigate the causes, the prevention and the treatment of iatrogenic radial nerve injuries.Methods: From March 1987 to March 2000 ,the authors treated 36 cases of iatrogenic radial nerve injuries .Of the 36 cases ,33 cases occurred after the orthopaedic operation ,3 cases occurred after the manipulative reduction. 32 cases were treated surgically, and the other 4 cases were treated non-surgically. 8 cases were repaired by epineurial suturing or by epi-fascicular suturing to connect the severed ends of the nerves. 19 cases were treated with neurolysis operation, 8 cases with tendon transfer and 3 cases with palliative treatment. Results: 27 cases were followed up for 1 year to 6 years. The curative effect was assessed according to Zhang Xianzhong"s norm. The recovery of 20 cases were excellent, 4 cases were good, 3 cases were poor.Conclusion:The iatrogenic radial nerve injury can be avoided if the surgeon take a high responsibility and grasp a precise knowledge of pertinent anatomy. At the same time more attention should be paid in operation. Once incurred, the damage can be minimized if it is recognised and treated earlier.

Objective To investigate the value of CT as preoperative and postoperative imaging technique for cochlear implant candidates.Methods Axial high-resolution temporal bone CT and three-dimensional reconstruction of inner ear were performed in 44 patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Cochlear view radiography was performed routinely in postoperation cases. CT scanning was performed in 3 postoperation cases.Results There were 1 case (2 ears) with Mondini malformation type Ⅰ, 2 case (4 ears)with Mondini malformation type Ⅱ in 32 patients with prespeech deafness. There were 2 case (4 ears) with chronic suppurative otitis meadia, 1 case (2 ears) with inner ear ossification,3 cases (6 ears)with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome,1 case (2 ear)with cochlear sclerosis in 12 patients with postspeech deafness. 1 case with intracochlear electrode knot and otitis meadia was found by CT.Conclusion CT plays an important role in selecting patients, observing implanted electrode and finding postoperative complication.

Objective To discuss relative factors of successful internal fixation for humeral comminuted intercondylar fractures. Methods 18 cases of humeral comminuted intercondylar fracture were treated with operation form March 1998 to March 2002. According to AO Classification, there were 10 cases of type C2, and 8 cases of type C3. The fractures were approached through tongue of triceps in 6 cases, through osteotomy of olecranon in 10 cases, and through fracture of olecranon in 2 cases. In the group of type C2, the fixation with intercondylar screw and 2 plates (AO reconstruction plate and one third tubular plate) was done in 10 cases, and with intercondylar screw and AO reconstruction plate in 2 cases. In the group of type C3, the fixation with intercondylar screw and 2 plates was done in 5 cases, with intercondylar screw and AO reconstruction plate in 1 case, and screw and kirschner wire in 2 cases. Results 18 cases were followed up from 8 months to 63 months, averaging 38 months. They were evaluated with modified Cassebaum rating system. 8 cases were rated as excellent, 5 as good, 3 as fair, and 2 as poor. Conclusions Early operation, anatomical reduction, rigid fixation and early exercise are the key factors of a successful treatment. The first choice of approach is osteotomy of olecranon.

Gastric cancer is one of the high incidence of malignant tumors in China,the incidence of which is in the second among the world and is only inferior to Japan.But the mortality of gastric cancer in China is 2 times of world's average level,which is often associated with low early diagnostic rate,big regional differentials in the surgical quantity of gastric cancer (especially D2 radical gastrectomy) and prognosis of patients influenced by surgical quantity.Therefore,a standardized treatment of gastric cancer is the current development trend and hotspot.The correct and programmed staging,evaluation,operation methods,approaches,lymph node dissection and digestive tract reconstruction are selected,thus improving the long-term survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer and reducing mortality in China.