Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone for the diagnosis and management of allergic diseases, including environmental control measures, medications, and/or allergen immunotherapy.In 2020, the World Allergy Organization (WAO) published a position paper on IgE allergy diagnostics and other relevant tests in allergy, both in vivo and in vitro.This paper aim to interpret both the skin prick test (SPT) and the intradermal test (IDT) in vivo diagnosis.The indications, technical methods, measurement and interpretation of result, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these two diagnostic skin tests.In addition, and supplementary explanations are made on individual issues for a better understanding.

Objective To observe the expression of Na+/I- symporter(NIS) in cultured lactating mammary cells with different levels of iodine and the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α). Methods Original generation of mouse lactating mammary cells cultured in vitro were divided into low iodine group Ⅰ (LI-Ⅰ), low iodine group Ⅱ (LI-Ⅱ), adequate iodine group(AI), high iodine group Ⅰ(HI-Ⅰ), and high iodine group Ⅱ(HI-Ⅱ). Cells were cultured in DEME/F12 culture medium for 24 h with different concentrations of iodine (0,5,50,3000 and 10 000 μg/L, respectively), and TNF-α( 10-2 mg/L) was added to some of cultured cells for 24 h. The expression of NIS mRNA of lactating mammary cells was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and the expression of NIS protein was detected by In-Cell Western. Results In iodine alone group, the expression of NIS mRNA in LI-Ⅰ group [ (64.66 ± 14.99) x 10-4] was higher than that of AI group[ (22.76 ± 7.36) × 10-4, P ＜ 0.01 ]; HI-I group[ (10.18 ±3.53) × 10-4] and HI-Ⅱ group[ (8.59 ± 2.89) × 10-4] were lower than that of AI group(all P ＜ .0.05); With increased iodine concentration, the expression of NIS mRNA decreased. The expression of NIS mRNA in LI-Ⅰ group [(2.72 ± 0.45) × 10-4], LI-Ⅱ group[ (2.69 ± 0.68) × 10-4] and AI group[(1.80 ± 0.67) × 10-4] with iodine plus TNF-o were all lower than that of LI-Ⅰ group, LI-Ⅱ group[ (29.82 ± 4.47 ) × 10-4], and AI group without TNF-α (all P ＜ 0.01). In iodine plus TNF-α, the expression of NIS mRNA in HI-Ⅰ group[(6.58 ± 2.87) × 10-4] and HI-Ⅱ[(7.04 ± 1.36) × 10-4] group were all higher than that of AI group(all P ＜ 0.05); With increased iodine deficiency or iodine excess, the expression of NIS mRNA increased. With increased iodine concentration, the expression of NIS protein decreased in iodine alone group. The expression of NIS protein in iodine plus TNF-α was all lower than that in iodine alone group. In iodine plus TNF-α, the expression of NIS protein increased in both iodine deficiency and iodine excess conditions. Conclusions Iodine may decrease the expression of NIS mRNA and protein of lactating mammary cells. The expression of NIS mRNA and protein of lactating mammary cells was inhibited by TNF-α under different levels of iodine.

ObjectiveTo study the morphological and functional changes of thyroid in lactating rats and their offspring in iodine deficiency and iodine excess animal models.MethodsOne hundred and twenty Wistar rats(30 males and 90 females) were selected.Based on their body weight,the 90 females were stratified and randomly divided into five groups( 18 in each group):low iodine group 1 and group 2(fed with low iodine feed and deionized water containing iodine of 0,5 μg/L) ; high iodine group 1,group 2 and control group(feed with normal diet and deionized water containing iodine of 3000,10 000,50 μg/L).After fed for 3 month,all female rats were mated with males in a ratio of 3 ∶ 1.After birth for 10 days,8 female rats and their offspring in each group were sacrificed.Changes of thyroid were observed by naked eyes.The thyroid weight was measured and pathological changes of thyroids were observed under light microscope.Results①Absolute and relative weight of lactating rats thyroid in low iodine group 1 and group 2 [ (92.02 ± 24.40 ),(77.11 ± 23.32 )mg,(0.509 ± 0.072),(0.384 ± 0.089) mg/kg] were much higher than that of control group[ (17.41 ± 9.25)mg,(0.102 ± 0.016)mg/kg,all P＜ 0.05].Absolute and relative weight of lactating rats thyroid in high iodine group 1 and group 2[(8.22 ± 0.41 ),(9.42 ±0.43)mg,(0.047 ± 0.006),(0.035 ± 0.005)mg/kg] were lower than that of control group(all P ＜ 0.05).Absolute and relative weight of lactating rats and their offspring thyroid was decreased with increase of iodide intake in the diet.②Thyroid enlargement of lactating rats in low iodine group 1 and group 2 was evident,but that of high iodine group 1 and group 2 was not.③Epithelial cell hyperplasia and smaller follicular cavity were observed in low iodine group 1 and group 2 under light microscope.Epithelial cell deformation and mostly flat were observed in high iodine group 1 and group 2.ConclusionsThyroid morphology is changed with iodide intake in the lactating rats and their offspring,and the changes are consistent between female rats and their newborns.

Objective To discuss the diagnostic value of MRI for portal vein(PV)and superior mesenteric venous(SMV)thrombosis.Methods Twelve patients with portal vein and superior mesenterie venous thrombosis proved by operation and pathology were examined with T_1WI,T_2WI,T_2-weighted fat suppression imaging,MR angiography(MRA)and Gd-DTPA enhanced dynamic MRI.Results Signals in PV and SMV were detected on T_1 WI and T2WI in 12 cases;3 acute thrombus presented hypo-or isointense on T_1 WI and hyperintense on T_2 WI.ttyperintense on T_1 WI and T_2WI were showed in 8 subacute thrombus; 1 chronic thrombus presented heterogenous intense on T_1W1 and hypointense on T_2W1.No enhancement within PV and SMV was found on Gd-DTPA enhanced images.Bowel dilatation was found in 10 cases,bowel hemorrhage in 6,bowel wall thickening in 12,intestinal pneumatosis in 3,ascites in 12,cavernous transformation of the portal vein in 3,hepatic perfusion disorder in 6.Conclusion MRI is an important and sensitive imaging method for the diagnosis and location of portal vein and superior mesenteric venous thrombosis with intestinal ischemia.

Objective Tostudyrecentclinicalefficacyandadversereactionsofpemetrexedincombi-nationwithcisplatininthetreatmentofadvancedbreastcancer.Methods Usingenvelopesandrandomlythe patients were dividing into treatment group and control group.The treatment group with 1 8 cases of advanced breast cancer were treated with pemetrexed and cisplatin while in the control group ,23 cases advanced breast cancer patients were treated with gemcitabine and cisplatin with 21 days as a cycle.The efficacy and adverse re-actions were determined according to the WHO on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors therapy and chemotherapytoxicityevaluationcriteria.Results Tumorcontrolrateinthetreatmentgroupwas83.3%(1 5/1 8),while in the control group was 78.3%(1 8/23 ),and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.000 94,P>0.05);while the adverse reactions differenced between the treatment group and the con-trol group were statistically significant(bone marrow suppression χ2 =9.23;fatigue χ2 =4.96;nausea and vomi-tingχ2=4.98;diarrheaχ2=4.45;skinrashχ2=5.03,P<0.05).Conclusion Pemetrexedcombinedwith cisplatin in patients with advanced breast cancer has a good effect,and the adverse reaction is low.

Animals ; Carps ; genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Fish Proteins ; genetics ; Hydroxylation ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; genetics ; Lakes

Objectives To investigate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in interleu-kin-15 (IL-15) and treatment response in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Methods Genomic DNA samples extracted from remission bone marrow cells of ALL patients were genotyped by MassArray. Five SNPs (rs10519612, rs10519613, rs17007695, rs17015014 and rs35964658) in IL-15 and their association to minimal residual disease (MRD) status in the end of induction therapy were studied. Results SNP rs17007695 was associated with the early response in children with ALL(P=0.049) and the incidence of positive MRD after induction therapy in CC genotype carriers was 1.8 times more than that in TT genotype carriers. Haplotype analysis of these five SNPs showed that the frequency of haplotype CACGG in MRD positive group was 2.1 times higher than that in MRD negative group (P=0.035). Conclusions IL-15 gene polymorphism was associated with the early treatment response in Han Chinese children with acute lymphoblastic leuke-mia.

ObjectiveTo observe the influence of iodine on mRNA expression of iodide transporter (NIS),insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ (IGF- Ⅰ ) and transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β) in thyroid and mammary glands of lactating rats and to explore the role of NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β mRNA in iodine uptake in thyroid and mammary glands of lactating rats.MethodsOne hundred and one Wistar rats(80 female and 21 male),weighting 8 - 100 g were selected.These female rats were randomly divided into five groups according to their body weight:control group(NI,normal feed,drank deionized water containing iodine 50 μg/L) ; low iodine group 1 and 2(LI-1,LI-2,low iodine feed,drank deionized water containing iodine 0 and 5 μg/L,respectively); high iodine group 1 and 2(HI-1,HI-2,normal feed,drank deionized water containing iodine 3000 and 10 000 μg/L,respectively),16 rats in each group.After feeding for 3 months,the female and male rates were mated 3:1.The female rats in each group were sacrificed at the fifth and tenth day after postpartum.Thyroid and mammary glands were taken.The mRNA levels of NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β in thyroid and mammary glands of lactating rats were determined by real time quantitative PCR.ResultsThe fifth days after postartum,NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β mRNA expression levels of thyroid and lactating mammary glands were different between groups,and the differences were statistically significant ( NIS:F =631.46,64.91,all P ＜ 0.01 ; IGF- Ⅰ:F =11.45,6.56,all P ＜ 0.01 ; TGF-β:F =291.83,304.53,all P ＜ 0.01).Compared with control group [NIS:0.0066 ± 0.0023, (0.1481 ± 0.0711 ) × 10-2; IGF- Ⅰ:0.0419 ± 0.0062,0.0542 ± 0.0044; TGF-β:0.1416 ± 0.0277,0.1670 ± 0.0499],regardless of thyroid or mammary gland,the NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β mRNA expression of LI-1 [NIS:0.0447 ± 0.0110,(0.3030 ± 0.1831) × 10-2;IGF- Ⅰ:0.0662 ± 0.0078,0.0902 ± 0.008; IGF- Ⅰ:0.5514 ± 0.0508,0.6942 ± 0.0367],LI-2[NIS:0.0317 ±0.0081,(0.3017 ± 0.1601) × 10-2; IGF-I:0.0645 ± 0.0054,0.0894 ± 0.0093; TGF-β:0.5292 ± 0.0332,0.6704 ± 0.0277 ] was significantly increased (all P ＜ 0.01 ); the NIS mRNA expression of HI-1 [0.0043 ± 0.0011,(0.1233 ± 0.0954) × 10-2],HI-2[0.0037 ± 0.0017,(0.1058 ± 0.0854) × 10-2] was decreased(all P ＜ 0.05),while the expression of IGF-Ⅰ mRNA [0.0521 ± 0.0910,0.0715 ± 0.0026; 0.0516 ± 0.0078,0.0697 ± 0.0038] and TGF-β mRNA [0.2087 ± 0.0425,0.2361 ± 0.0425; 0.1971 ± 0.0237,0.2257 ± 0.0752 ] was increased (all P ＜ 0.05 ).The tenth days after postpartum,the mRNA expression levels of NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β of thyroid and lactating mammary gland in rats were different between groups,and the differences were statistically significant (NIS:F =103.55,116.32,all P ＜ 0.01; IGF-Ⅰ:F =67.67,11.98,all P ＜ 0.01; TGF-β:F =74.30,381.30,all P ＜0.01 ).Compared with the control group[NIS:0.0069 ± 0.0011,(0.1337 ± 0.0599) × 10-2; IGF-Ⅰ:0.0390 ±0.0071,0.0534 ± 0.0056; TGF-β:0.1351 ± 0.0336,0.1534 ± 0.0320],the mRNA expression levels of NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β of LI-1 [ NIS:0.0432 ± 0.0165,(0.2962 ± 0.0985 ) × 10-2; IGF- Ⅰ:0.0643 ± 0.0088,0.0873 ± 0.0055 ; TGF-β:0.5042 ± 0.0912,0.6408 ± 0.0420],LI-2[NIS:0.0287 ± 0.0111,(0.2873 ± 0.0862) × 10-2; IGF- Ⅰ:0.0621 ± 0.0094,0.0862 ± 0.0038; TGF-β:0.4893 ± 0.0504,0.6372 ± 0.0389] were significantly increased(all P ＜ 0.01 ); the NIS mRNA levels of HI-1 [ 0.0042 ± 0.0029,(0.1006 ± 0.0909) × 10-2],HI-2[0.0035 ± 0.0020,(0.0890 ± 0.0119) × 10-2] were decreased(all P＜ 0.05),while the expression of IGF-Ⅰ mRNA[0.0516 ± 0.0078,0.0668 ± 0.0071; 0.0508 ± 0.0089,0.0621 ± 0.0064] and TGF-β mRNA[0.2007 ± 0.0546,0.2175 ± 0.0370;0.1959 ± 0.0393,0.2097 ± 0.0425] were increased(all P ＜ 0.05 ).In thyroid and mammary glands,the comparisons of NIS,IGF,TGF-β mRNA expression of the fifth and tenth day after postartum,between each group were not statistically significant(all P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionsThere are regulatory mechanisms of thyroid and mammary glands of lactating rats in response to low or high iodine conditions.In low iodine,the expressions of NIS,IGF- Ⅰ and TGF-β mRNA in thyroid and mammary glands increase and iodide uptake ability is enhanced to meet the body needs.In high iodine,the expression of NIS mRNA decreases in thyroid and mammary glands.Due to the reduced ability of iodine uptake,iodine intake is reduced,thereby reducing the hazards of high iodine in filial rats.

OBJECTIVETo report the therapeutic effect of reverse fasciocutaneous flap pedicled with perforator branch of anterior medial malleolus artery for soft tissue defect on the dorsal side of foot.

METHODSThe perforator branch was located under the guidance of Doppler flowmeter. The flap was designed along the saphenous neurovascular axis. Then the flap was transferred reversely with the perforator branch as rotation point.

RESULTSFrom Feb. 2002 to Mar. 2008, 12 cases were treated and followed up for 6 - 18 months. All the flaps survived completely. The flap size ranged from 13.5 cm x 3.0 cm to 8 cm x 3 cm. The perforator branch located at 0.5 - 1.5 cm anterior-inferior to the medial malleolus. Both the cosmetic and functional results were satisfactory.

CONCLUSIONSThe flap has a reliable blood supply and a flexible design. It is easily performed for soft tissue defect on the dorsal side of foot. It is a new type flap which combined neurocutaneous vascular flap with the perforator flap.

Adult ; Fascia ; transplantation ; Female ; Foot Injuries ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Skin Transplantation ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; surgery ; Surgical Flaps ; blood supply ; innervation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of polysaccharide fraction of Cordyceps sinensis (PSCS) on triptolide (TPL)-induced apoptosis in the HL-60 cells and the involved molecular mechanism.

METHODSThe cultured leukemia HL-60 cells were divided into three groups: control group, TPL group (cells were treated with 5 ng/ml TPL only), and PSCS+TPL cells group (cells treated with 5 ng/ml TPL and 100 microg/ml or 200 microg/ml PSCS for 18 h). Cell viability was tested by MTT assay and apoptotic cells were quantitatively measured by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double stain.The expressions of Caspase-3, 6, 7, 9 and NF-kappa B proteins were tested by Western blot.

RESULTMTT assay showed that different concentrations of PSCS inhibited the cell viability. Flow cytometry indicated that TPL markedly increased the apoptosis rate of the HL-60 cells, and PSCS enhanced the apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot showed that TPL did not inhibit the expression of the Caspase-3, 6, 7, 9 and NF-kappa B proteins, and when cells were treated with PSCS, the expression of proteins decreased with the PSCS concentration rising.

CONCLUSIONPSCS can enhance TPL-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells and inhibit the expression of NF-kappa B and Caspase 3,6,7,9,which might be the possible signaling pathway of inducing apoptosis.

Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Caspases ; metabolism ; Cordyceps ; chemistry ; Diterpenes ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Synergism ; Epoxy Compounds ; pharmacology ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Phenanthrenes ; pharmacology ; Polysaccharides ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology