Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of common viruses that can infect humans and pose a great threat to global public health. Mounting evidence has shown that seven zoonotic CoVs can infect human through cross-species transmission. These continuously occurring yet unpredictable events of CoVs repeatedly crossing species barriers have attracted special attention to CoVs and caused panic worldwide. It is generally believed that the spike (S) protein is the key factor determining the cross-species transmission and the invasion potential of CoVs. This review focused on the new-found coronaviruses with potential cross-species transmission capabilities, and summarized and analyzed the research progress in S protein-mediated viral invasion as well as the potential mechanisms, aiming to provide reference for developing effective prevention and control strategies against potential cross-species transmission of CoVs in the future.

Objective To study the treatment of the chronic calcaneus osteomyelitis combined with skin ulcers or defects of the posterior heel following internal fixation for calcaneal fractures.Methods From February 1999 to June 2005,17 cases of calcaneus osteomyelitis combined with skin ulcers or defects following internal fix- ation for their calcaneal fractures were treated with elimination of infection focuses and dead spaces,tissue trans- plants and continuous irrigation.Skin flaps or myocutaneous flaps were used to repair heel ulcers or defects and to fill the dead spaces.Drainage and irrigation tubes were placed into the flap covered areas to carry out the continuous irrigation.Results All the cases were followed up for 3 to 36 months(mean,25 months).All the grafts survived without recurrence of calcaneus osteomyelitis.Their posterior heels regained fair appearance.Thirteen cases obtained fine sensory recovery and friction tolerance and could walk with weight-bearing.Conclusion Calcaneus os- teomyelitis can be cured by simply and effectively tissue transplants and continuous irrigation,which can provide adequate anti-infection and improve blood circulation.

OBJECTIVETo observe the airway inflammatory change in asthmatic rats complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to assess the intervention effects of Chinese herbs for reinforcing Shen and supplementing qi (CH) on it.

METHODSEighty-four Norway rats were randomized into 7 groups, the normal control group (A), the COPD model group (B), the asthma model group (C), the combined COPD and the asthma model group (D), and the three CH treated groups (E, F and G, combined model rats administered by low-, moderate- and high- dose CH, respectively), 12 rats in each group. Changes of symptoms, pathologic changes of the lung tissue, airway reactivity, and serum levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in rats were observed.

RESULTSSymptoms were alleviated in the three CH treated groups. Similar pathological features were shown in group B and D, showing inflammatory cell, mainly lymphocyte, infiltration in bronchial and lung tissues, with cilia denudation, partial alveolar wall rupture, alveolar cavity expansion, and accompanied with evident eosinophilic infiltration. These inflammatory exudation in group E-G was alleviated, while in group C, it developed showing a trend similar to that in group D. Airway resistance raised along with the concentration of Mch used. In group D, the serum level of IL-4 was higher than that in group B, and level of INF-gamma was lower than that in group A, B and C (all P <0.05). CH showed a lowering effect on serum levels of IL-4 and -8, and a dose-dependent rising effect on IFN-gamma.

CONCLUSIONSIL- 4 significantly increased and INF-gamma decreased in rat model of combined COPD and asthma, its mechanism is similar to that of Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthma. Chinese herbs for reinforcing Shen and supplementing qi could improve the symptoms and inhibit the airway inflammation in the combined COPD and asthma model rats, its mechanism might be related with the alleviation of TH1/TH2 imbalance.

Animals ; Asthma ; complications ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Inflammation ; Interferon-gamma ; metabolism ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; complications ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Qi ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred BN

The amino acid contents of five floral sources Chinese honeys (jujube, rape, chaste, acacia, and lungan) were measured using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that proline was the main amino acid in most of the analyzed samples. Phenylalanine presents at the highest content in chaste honey samples, and the total amino acid contents of chaste honeys were also significantly higher than those of other honey samples. Based on the amino acid contents, honey samples were classified using chemometric methods (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA)). According to the CA results, chaste honeys could be separated from other honeys, while the remaining samples were correctly grouped together when the chaste honey data were excluded. By using DA, the overall correct classification rate reached 100%. The results revealed that amino acid contents could potentially be used as indicators to identify the botanical origin of unifloral honeys.

The amino acid contents of five floral sources Chinese honeys (jujube, rape, chaste, acacia, and lungan) were measured using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that proline was the main amino acid in most of the analyzed samples. Phenylalanine presents at the highest content in chaste honey samples, and the total amino acid contents of chaste honeys were also significantly higher than those of other honey samples. Based on the amino acid contents, honey samples were classified using chemometric methods (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA)). According to the CA results, chaste honeys could be separated from other honeys, while the remaining samples were correctly grouped together when the chaste honey data were excluded. By using DA, the overall correct classification rate reached 100%. The results revealed that amino acid contents could potentially be used as indicators to identify the botanical origin of unifloral honeys.

Objective To explore characteristics of sleep structure and the correlation with cognitive function in cerebral infarction combined with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (CI-OSAHS).Methods The patients with CI-OSAHS and OSAHS in Department of Neurology and Breathing Sleep Monitoring Room of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from December 2009 till March 2011 were collected All the patients completed polysomography(PSG).Sixty patients were selected and divided into 3 groups based on PSG.These 3 groups were combined group 20 persons (CI-OSAHS),OSAHS group 20persons (OSAHS) and control group 20 persons (without cerebral infarction obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome).All the patients completed image examinations ( CT and MRI ) evaluation of the cognitive function by Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA).Results Sleep structure:the awake time,non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) 1,NREM 2 and NREM periods in combined group and OSAHS group were significantly longer,the NREM3 + 4 and rapid eye movement(REM) periods were shorter than the control group.The NREM and NREM 1 periods in combined group were longer,the NREM 3 +4 and REM periods were shorter than the OSAHS group.The correlation analysis of cognitive function and breathing disorders and low oxygen related index:there was negative correlation between the total scores of cognitive function (MMSE and MoCA)and apnea hyponea index,oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ( MMSE r =-0.450,-0.671,MoCA r =-0.486,- 0.494,all P ＜0.05) while,was positive correlation between them and noctumal average hypoxemia and minimum hypoxemia ( MMSE r =0.477,0.485,MoCA r =0.507,0.482,all P ＜0.05) in the OSAHS group.There was negative correlation between ODI,arousal index and the total scores of MoCA in the combined group (MoCA r=-0.463,0.480,both P＜0.05),there was correlation between the total scores of MMSE and the other sleep parameters,but,there was no difference in statistics.The correlation analysis of cognitive function and sleep stages:There was positive correlation between the total scores of cognitive function ( MMSE and MoCA) and the NREM 3 + 4 periods ( r =0.521,0.474,both P ＜ 0.05 ) while,there was negative correlation between the total scores of MMSE and the N REM 1 + 2 periods (r =-0.458,P ＜ 0.05 )in the OSAHS group.There was positive correlation between the REM period and the total scores of MoCA (r =0.472,P ＜ 0.05 ).There was correlation between the total scores of MMSE and the sleep structure,but,there was no difference in statistics in combined group.Conclusions Patients with OSAHS have obvious sleep structure disorder.The awake time and light sleep periods are significantly longer than the control group,while,the deep sleep and REM periods are significantly shorter than the control group.The NREM 1 of the patients with CI-OSAHS is longer than the patients with OSAHS.The higher the AHI,the lower the night blood oxygen,the more obvious cognitive dysfunction The longer the awake time,the longer the light sleep,the shorter the deep sleep and REM periods,the more serious cognitive dysfunction.The correlation between the cognitive impairment and low oxygen is more apparent than sleep structure.There is apparent correlation among the total scores of MoCA,the degree of hypoxia and sleep structure in the patients with CI-OSAHS.The total scores of MoCA are more sensitivity than MMSE in mild vascular cognitive impairment.

Objective To investigate the status of psychosomatic health on the aged in reservoir area of three gorges .Study men-tal sub-health population distribution and the related influencing factors of the aged .Methods 604 elderly of reservoir area of three gorges were investigated by using self-made general questionnaire ,Cornell Medical Index(CMI) ,Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-R Short Scale(EPQ-RSC) ,Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS) ,Activities of daily living (ADL) ,Memorial University of Newfound-land Scale of Happiness(MUNSH) .Results 14 .7% aged′s mental health was in the sub-healthy status .Older age ,low education level ,no spouse ,urban elderly people were higher in mental sub-healthy .There was significant difference between mental sub-healthy group and mental healthy group in the aspect of personality 、social support、subjective well-being、activities of daily living (P<0 .05) .Conclusion The elderly psychosomatic health status of the Three Gorges Reservoir area is good ,with low incidence of mental sub-health ,their psychosomatic health more affected by the state of mind .

Objective:To explore the depression of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:Patients with SLE and healthy subjects(control group) from August 16, 2020 to September 2, 2020 in Urumqi, Xinjiang were collected. The depression and sleep quality were assessed by Self rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI). The nonparametric data were represented by median (quartile spacing), and the rank sum test was used to compare the continuous variables between the two groups. Pearson correlation test was used for continuous variables, and Spearman correlation test was used for rank variables or classified variables. Statistical product and service solutions.Results:The prevalence rate of depression in the SLE group (41.9%) was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (32.1%). The difference was statistically significant ( χ2= 10.312, P<0.01). The prevalence rate of poor sleep in the SLE group (31.8%) was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (21.6%). The difference was statistically significant( χ2=3.885, P=0.049). The total score of VAS ( OR=1.366, P<0.01) , PSQI( OR=1.198, P<0.01) were the risk factor of depression in patients with SLE. Conclusion:SLE patients have a higher prevalence of depression during pandemic quarantinee-period, pain and poor sleep quality are risk factors. We need to pay attention to the psychological status of SLE patients.

OBJECTIVETo explore the biomarkers and inflammatory characteristics for microcosmic syndrome differentiation of cold-phlegm syndrome (CPS) and heat-phlegm syndrome (HPS) in patients with bronchial asthma.

METHODSPatients with bronchial asthma of chronic persistent condition were distributed into three groups according syndrome differentiation, the CPS group (27 patients), the HPS group (32 patients) and the non-cold/heat-phlegm syndrome group (NP group, 31 patients), besides, a control group was setup with 33 healthy persons. Percentages of neutrophils and eosinophils (NEU, EOS) in sputum sample (collected by induction) and peripheral blood were counted; and levels of interleukin-8, -5, and -4 (IL-8, IL-5 and IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), leukotriene B4 (LT-B4), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in sputum supernatant and serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTSPercentage of NEU in sputum of HPS group was higher than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05); while percentages of EOS in serum and sputum of CPS group were higher than that in the other three groups (all P < 0.01). Level of ECP (a parameter closely associated with EOS) also was high in the CPS group, but IL-8 (a parameter closely associated with NEU) showed no significant difference in various groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, the CPS group showed a higher serum IL-4 (P < 0.05) but a lower IFN-gamma/IL-4 level as compared with those in the NP group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONPhlegm, which is considered by Chinese medicine as an inveterate root of asthma, might be closely related with the inflammation in modern medicine. The inflammatory characteristics of asthma in patients with CPS partially present as increase of EOS, possibly show Th2 dominant trend, similar to that presented in eosinophilic asthma. Asthma with HPS embodies increase of NEU in respiratory tract. EOS and ECP might be the important markers for microcosmic syndrome differentiation of CPS, and NEU might be that for HPS.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asthma ; complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Eosinophil Cationic Protein ; metabolism ; Eosinophils ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; complications ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Neutrophils ; pathology ; Young Adult

Objective To explore mental health status of rural elderly and itassociated factors of mental health in Chongqing . Methods Totally 990 rural community residents aged 60 years or more were selected by multi-stage stratified random sampling and investigate with self-designed screening inventory to pick out suspect psychosis ,then diagnose according to DSM-Ⅳ and CCMD-3 . For no psychosis ,investigated with symptom self-assessment scale(SCL-90) ,newfoundland happiness scale ,social support rating scale ,eysenck personality questionnaire short form scale (China) .Results (1) In 990 the elderly ,the screening positive rate was 24 .04% (238/990) ,prevalence rate was 19 .43% (193/990) .Diagnosis were mental disorders caused by acohol(11 .4% ) ,mental dis-orders due to physical dysfuction (5 .96% ) ,mood disorders and other psychiatric disorders (2 .12% ) .(2)17 .17% (124/722) rural elderly had psychological problems in 799 non-mental health elderty ,in which the screening positive rate and total scores of SCL-90 in family group were significant higher than the institute group screening positive rate (screening positive 20 .24% vs .3 .73% ,χ2 =20 .90 ,P=0 .000 ;total scores(109 .14 ± 11 .77)vs .(100 .59 ± 7 .87) ,t= -8 .01 ,P= 0 .000) .(3)According to the total score of SCL-90 ,those female ,without spouse ,negative life events ,live alone ,with chronic disease ,with little income had worse mental health(P<0 .05) .(4)Total score of SCL-90 in rural elderly was significant negatively correlated with total score of happiness ,posi-tive emotions ,positive experience ,all dimensions of social support and internal and external .the score was significant positively cor-related with negative emotions ,negative experience ,neuroticism ,psychoticism ,the differences were statistically significant ( P<0 .05) .(5)Negative emotional ,mental quality ,chronic diseases ,endowment way ,marital status ,whether to live alone ,total score of social support ,neurotic entered the regression equation ,determination coefficient R2 =0 .346 .Conclusion More than 1/3 of the ru-ral elderly with mental health problems ,the pension way was the most obvious impact .prevention and treatment of alcohol-induced mental disorders ,changes in pension mode was still the focus of rural elderly mental health work .