Objective To explore the methods and clinical value of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) in detecting rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor(GIST) with head scanning probe.Methods A total of 12 patients had the ultrasonic examination through the rectum with the head scanning probe.Preoperative ultrasonic findings were compared with the pathological results.Results Of the 12 patients,the patients were divided into three groups,including 3 cases with low-degree severity,6 cases with moderate-degree severity and 6 cases with high-degree severity.The lymph node metastasis was not found near intestines.Rectal GIST appeared as a hypoechoic mass with clear limit、regular form and expanded growth under TRUS.The CDFI showed abundant flow in the tumor and TRUS had an overall accuracy rate of 75.0%(9/12)in the diagnosis of rectal GIST.The accuracy of TRUS in the staging diagnosis of rectal GIST was 83.3%(10/12).Conclusion The TRUS with the head scanning probe is of great value for pre-operative diagnosis and staging of rectal GIST.Rectal water window and felicitous check-up technique can enhance the accuracy of TRUS.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and safety of testosterone undecanoate (TU) in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) by meta-analysis.

METHODSWe searched Pubmed (until April 1, 2014), Embase (until March 28, 2014), Cochrane Library (until April 17, 2014), CBM (from January 1, 2001 to February 2, 2014), CNKI (from January 1, 2001 to February 2, 2014), Wanfang Database (from January 1, 2000 to February 2, 2014), and VIP Database (from January 1, 2000 to Febru ary 2, 2014) for randomized controlled trials of TU for the treatment of LOH. We evaluated the quality of the identified literature and performed meta-analysis on the included studies using the Rveman5. 2 software.

RESULTSTotally, 14 studies were included after screening, which involved 1 686 cases. Compared with the placebo and blank control groups, TU treatment significantly increased the levels of serum total testosterone (SMD = 6.22, 95% CI 3.99 to 8.45, P < 0.05) and serum free testosterone (SMD = 4.35, 95% CI 1.86 to 6. 85, P < 0.05) but decreased the contents of luteinizing hormone (WMD = -2.23, 95% CI -4.03 to -0.42, P < 0.05), sex hormone binding globulin (WMD = 2.00, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.63, P < 0.05). TU also remarkably reduced the scores of Partial Androgen Deficiency of the Aging Males (WMD = -9.49, 95% CI -12.96 to -6.03, P < 0.05) and Aging Males Symptoms rating scale (WMD = -2.76, 95% CI -4.85 to -0.66, P <0.05) but increased the hemoglobin level (SMD = 2.35, 95% CI 0.29 to 4.41, P < 0.05) and packed-cell volume (SMD = 4.35, 95% CI 1.36 to 7.33, P < 0.05). However, no significant changes were shown in aspertate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, prostate-specific antigen, or prostate volume after TU treatment (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTU could significantly increase the serum testosterone level and improve the clinical symptoms of LOH patients without inducing serious adverse reactions. However, due to the limited number and relatively low quality of the included studies, the above conclusion could be cautiously applied to clinical practice.

Androgens ; therapeutic use ; Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; blood ; drug therapy ; Luteinizing Hormone ; blood ; Male ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin ; metabolism ; Testosterone ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; blood ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo observe the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)and nervous nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in rats during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) and study if change will be happen in subgroup between eNOS and nNOS during earlier period of CI/R.

METHODSA total of 60 Wistar rats weighting 200-280 g, supplied by Animal Center of China Medical University, were divided into 6 groups (n=10) (sham operation group; ischemia 1 h, 2 h group; reperfusion 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h group). Female and male was half-and-half. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by a 2-hour suture occlusion of the unilateral middle cerebral artery, immediately after suture withdrawal to allow reperfusion, eNOS and nNOS expressions were examined by the method of immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSeNOS expressions increased in 1-hour during ischemia, keeping up with decreasing until reperfusion 2-hour. While nNOS expressions increased in 2-hour between ischemia and reperfusion.

CONCLUSIONChanges of expression between eNOS and nNOS in rats during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion are different. This may be related with ischemia and reperfusion injury.

Animals ; Brain ; enzymology ; Brain Ischemia ; enzymology ; Female ; Male ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reperfusion Injury ; enzymology ; Time Factors

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the common male diseases, which affects 15,200 men in the world. Recent discovery has shown the important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ED. This paper updates the researches on the role of ROS in ED, expounds the relationship of ROS with various risk factors of ED, and outlines the advances in the anti-oxidation treatment of the problem.
Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Reactive Oxygen Species

Objective To study the clinical value of color Doppler ultrasonography in typing tuberculous epididymitis.Methods The appearances of color Doppler ultrasound and the findings on operation were analysed in 33 patients with tuberculous epididymitis.Results Of the 33 patients,epididymis appeared as diffusely and heterogeneously enlarged lesions with increased flow in 2 cases,appeared as nodular lesions in 13 cases including nodi with echofree space in 3 cases, nodi with high-level echo patches in 3 cases, and low echo-level nodi in 7 cases. Multiple lesions in scrotum were detected in 17 cases, of whom epididymis up to 11 cases appeared as diffusely enlarged heterogeneous lesions with flow increased.The sonographic appearancs of tuberculous epididymitis could be divided into 3 types:diffusion type, nodus type and complicated type. Nodus type included 3 subtypes: purulence type, calcification type, and cheese type.The accuracy rate of ultrsound diagnosis was 87.9%.Conclusions Testis is easy to be involved when epididymitis appears as diffusion type, so surgical treatments should be early.Purulence type and complicated type need surgical treatments while calcification type does not. Antituberculous drug treatments can be tried before surgical treatments in cheese type.Sonography of urinary system is helpful for the diagnosis of asymptomatic tuberculosis in urinary system when tuberculous epididymitis is first suspected on sonography.

Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection may result in serious impairment of the immune system in HIV-posi-tive patients. Both HIV productions and highly active antiretrovi-ral therapy (HAART) drugs can cause neuropathy, including the HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and the peripheral neuropathy. Several animal models have been devel-oped in an attempt to study the mechanisms of HIV relative neu-ropathies. This review focuses on researching HIV-1 associated neuropathies by application of HIV-1 animal models.

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of silicosis alveolar macrophages (AM) restimulated by SiO(2) on expression of c-myc oncogene in human embryo lung fibroblasts.

METHODSThe bronchoalveolar lavage of silicosis patients was collected. AMs were divided into 2 groups: (1) SiO(2): AMs were stimulated with SiO(2) (30 microg/ml) for 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 36 h; (2) control: treated for the same time without SiO(2). Fibroblasts were cultured with different AMs supernatants for 2 h or 7 h respectively. The expression of c-myc mRNA was determined by RT-PCR and protein by Western Blot.

RESULTSThere was no c-myc expression when fibroblasts were static. The supernatants in the S6 group stimulated expression of c-myc mRNA and protein, with the peak expression at 2 h and 7 h respectively. In the control group, AMs supernatants cultured in different time stimulated expression of c-myc mRNA and protein with the most evident expression at 12 h. The ratios were 0.749 +/- 0.088 and 0.759 +/- 0.101 respectively. Compared with control in the same period, c-myc mRNA and protein expression were significantly stronger treated with the supernatants in which AMs were stimulated for 1 h, 2 h and 6 h by SiO(2) (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAMs stimulated with SiO(2) has the ability to induce c-myc oncogene expression in human embryo lung fibroblasts.

Cells, Cultured ; Fibroblasts ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lung ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Macrophages, Alveolar ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; Silicon Dioxide ; toxicity ; Silicosis ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo detect succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) of sperm mitochondria by an improved method, and to evaluate the relationship between SDH and the motility and viability of sperm.

METHODSIn 46 fertile and infertile men (aged from 25 to 36), the motility, viability and mitochondrial SDH of sperm were detected by computer-assisted semen analysis system, dead/live sperm molecular fluorescent probe and an improved cytochemical method. Then, the correlation between the motility and viability of sperm and the positive percentage of sperm mitochondrial SDH were analyzed.

RESULTSIn the 46 fertile and infertile men, the motility and viability of sperm were (67.33 +/- 7.37)% and (79.78 +/- 7.65)%, and the positive percentage of sperm mitochondrial SDH was (74.74 +/- 8.29)%. The motility and viability of sperm and positive percentage of sperm mitochondrial SDH had significant correlation (r = 0.901, P < 0.01; r = 0.876, P < 0.01; r = 0.917, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSDetection of sperm mitochondrial SDH has significance in evaluation of sperm mitochondrial function and may serve as an assisted marker of sperm viability.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Infertility, Male ; enzymology ; Male ; Mitochondria ; enzymology ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; enzymology ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the therapeutic effect of Compound Xuanju Capsule (CXC) on autoimmune prostatitis in rat models.

METHODSSixty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number: blank control, low-concentration purified prostate protein (low-conc PPP), low-conc PPP + CXC treatment, high-concentration PPP (hi-con PPP), and hi-conc PPP + CXC treatment. Autoimmune prostatitis models were established by intragastric administration of PPP solution at 15 mg/ml (low concentration) and 80 mg/ml, respectively. At 30 days after modeling, the rats in the blank control and low-conc and hi-conc PPP model groups were treated with normal saline, and those in the other two groups with CXC at a daily dose of 0.068 g/ml. At 30, 45, and 60 days, all the animals were sacrificed for observation of pathological changes in the prostate tissue and determination of the levels of IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in the serum.

RESULTSCompared with the PPP models, the hi-conc PPP + CXC group showed significantly reduced levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha in the serum at 45 days ([148.54 +/- 17.23] and [62.14 +/- 5.59] pg/ml vs [100.77 +/- 11.08] and [32.63 +/- 2.91] pg/ml, P < 0.05) and at 60 days ([143.69 +/- 17.28] and [59.38 +/- 5.50] pg/mlvs [95.77 +/-10.53] and [29.63 +/- 2.66] pg/ml, P < 0.05), and so did the low-cone PPP + CXC group at 45 days ([128.47 +/- 12.21] and [40.43 +/- 3.64] pg/ml vs [111.76 +/- 10.07] and [35.44 +/- 3.17] pg/ml, P < 0.05) and at 60 days ([131.07 +/- 10.93] and [43.34 +/- 3.91] pg/ml vs [97.46 +/- 8.75] and [30.44 +/- 2.75] pg/ml, P < 0.05). The serum level of IL-10 was remarkably elevated in the hi-cone PPP + CXC group as compared with that of the PPP models at 45 and 60 days ([189.14 +/- 16.78] and [184.14 +/- 15.89] pg/ml vs [230.48 +/- 29.96] and [248.48 +/- 31.03] pg/ml, P < 0.05), and so was it in low-cone PPP + CXC group ([223.14 +/- 17.87] and [224.14 +/- 17.93] pg/ml vs [231.42 +/- 23.18] and [249.42 +/- 24.97] pg/ml, P < 0.05). Pathological examination revealed morphological damages to the prostate tissue and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the model rats, but no obvious changes in the normal controls. At 15 days of treatment, the rats in the PPP + CXC group showed enlarged prostate glandular cavity, mild proliferation of epithelial cells, no obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitial tissue, and a few visible fibrous tissues under the light microscope.

CONCLUSIONCompound Xuanju Capsule is efficacious on autoimmune prostatis in rats by reducing inflammatory changes in the prostate tissue and improving the expression of inflammatory factors.

Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases ; blood ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Capsules ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Male ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; pathology ; Prostatic Secretory Proteins ; Prostatitis ; blood ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo establish a rat model of autoimmune prostatitis using purified prostatic proteins (PPP).

METHODSThirty-six male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups of equal number to receive intramuscular injection of normal saline (normal control group) and PPP at 15 mg/ml (low-concentration group) and 80 mg/ml (high-concentration group). At 4 weeks after modeling, the rats were sacrificed for HE staining of the prostate tissue and examination of the inflammatory factors IL-8 and IL-10 in the serum, immunoglobulins IgA and IgM, and regulatory T cells Th1/Th2.

RESULTSThree rats died in the high-concentration PPP group but none in the low-concentration PPP and normal control groups. Gross observation of the prostate showed increased volume and hard texture of the prostate in the two PPP groups, but no significant change in the normal controls. Pathological examination exhibited morphological damage to the prostatic tissue and inflammatory cellular infiltration in the experimental rats. The serum level of IL-8 was significantly higher in the low- and high-concentration PPP groups ([129.07 +/- 11.48] and [147.58 +/- 17.70] pg/ml) than in the control ([94.12 +/- 7.04] pg/ml) (P < 0.05), while that of IL-10 was remarkably lower in the former two groups ([227.14 +/- 18.19] and [187.14 +/- 16.32] pg/ml) than in the latter ([252.48 +/- 21.72] pg/ml, P < 0.05). The serum level of IgA was markedly elevated in the low- and high-concentration PPP groups as compared with that in the control ([0.25 +/- 0.37] and [0.31 +/- 0.42] vs [0.19 +/- 0.14] mg/ml, P < 0.05), and so was that of IgM ([0.23 +/- 0.41] and [0.34 +/- 0.58 ] vs [0.17 +/- 0.33] mg/ml, P < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the levels of regulatory T cells Th1/Th2.

CONCLUSIONBoth low and high concentrations of purified prostatic proteins can be used for the construction of autoimmune prostatitis models in rats, while low concentration is preferable for its advantages of lower mortality of the rats and inducement of more consistent manifestations of autoimmune prostatitis.

Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-8 ; blood ; Male ; Prostatic Secretory Proteins ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Prostatitis ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar