Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is defined as a mild brain trauma resulting in a short loss of consciousness and alteration of mental status. It may also occasionally develop persistent and progressive symptoms. It has been confirmed that MTBI causes changes of anatomic structures in central nervous system and biomarkers in the body fluid. However, there is no sufficient research on relevance among threshold for the brain injury, individual vulnerability and duration of disturbance of consciousness. Furthermore, there are no reliable diagnostic methods to establish whether a blow to the head is sufficient to cause the brain injury. This review provides references for biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood associated with TBI. It also provides application status and potential prospects for further assessment and diagnosis of MTBI.
Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid* ; Brain Concussion/complications* ; Brain Injuries/etiology* ; Disease Progression ; Humans

Objective To develop a new algorithm to reconstruct the distribution of acoustic sources of magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction(MAT-MI)in the acoustic inhomogeneous media,which is developed on the basis of generalized finite element method (GFEM) and modified time inversion algorithm. Methods The acoustic and acoustic coupling theory and the basic equations of acoustics were used to study the forward and inverse problems of the acoustic inhomogeneous concentric sphere magneticacoustic coupling model. The solution of acoustic non-uniform media wave equation based on GFEM was proposed.The method solved the problem of acoustically inhomogeneous media sound source reconstruction and conductivity reconstruction.At the same time,the distribution of velocity was reconstructed by rotating the pairs of transducers and the time reversal algorithm. Results The proposed algorithm could accurately reconstruct the acoustic source distribution in acoustic inhomogeneous media,and could obtain the distribution of sound velocity during the reconstruction of sound source and recover the image well. Conclusion The proposed algorithm had its feasibility and effectiveness verified,and gains advantages in MAT-MI reconstruction of acoustic inhomogeneous media.

An about 700 bp DNA fragment was amplified from genome DNA of S. aureus TSTw by PCR. This fragment was cloned into pGEM-7Zf(+) and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli DH5 alpha. The sequencing result of the recombinant plasmid demonstrated that it contains seb gene with 717 bp (without signal encoding region of 81 bp) which has the same nucleotide sequence as described in literature. The seb gene was cloned into expression vector 7ZTS and was transformed into E. coli JM109 (DE3). The expression level of SEB was as high as 33.3% of the cell total proteins.
Cloning, Molecular ; Enterotoxins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Genetic Engineering ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis

The rare codons of a fragment in staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene were turned into the most high usage frequency codons in E. coli by overlap PCR technique. Genes of sea and seam were cloned into 7ZTS expression vector and transformed into JM109(DE3), respectively. The result shows that expression level of sea gene was very low, but the expression level of seam was as high as 15% of total cell proteins. The expression product shows activity of antitumor in vivo.
Animals ; Base Sequence ; Codon ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Enterotoxins ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neoplasms, Experimental ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Point Mutation ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; pharmacology

To explore a simple and effective method to determinate the volume of CD34(+) cells in the peripheral blood of donors received drug mobilization for stem cell transplantation by using flow cytometry, the mobilized peripheral blood from donors and 100 micro l fresh whole blood were labeled with monoclonal antibodies Anti-CD34-PE and Anti-CD45-FITC, after lying the red blood cells, and assessed with flow cytometer FL2 (log) vs SSC (log) and FL1 (log) vs SSC (log) were mainly used for analysis windows. The results showed that a level of CD34(+) cells in whole nucleated cells as low as 0.05% - 0.1% can be detected effectively using this method when 10(5) nucleated cells were counted. At day 5 or day 6, the level of CD34(+) cells in most samples of patients reached a peak volume, some of samples and the levels were more than one percent in. It was concluded that CD34(+) cells can be effectively determined by using this method. According to the relative rate of CD34(+) cells, the time to harvest the stem cells in blood can be determined.
Antigens, CD34 ; blood ; Blood Donors ; Flow Cytometry ; methods ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; cytology ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo compare the differentiation ability difference of hematopoietic, mesenchymal and endothelial potential between CD41⁺ cells derived from the mouse aorta-gonadmesonephros (AGM) region, yolk sac (YS) and embryonic circulating blood (CB).

METHODSCD41⁺ cells were sorted from AGM, YS and CB. The CD45 and c-kit expression were studied in CD41⁺ cells by flow cytometry. IL-3 and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) treatment together with semi solid culture were used to assess hematopoietic potential difference of CD41⁺ cells. Immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA was used to assess mesenchymal potential difference. The endothelial cell induction system was used to assess endothelial potential difference.

RESULTSThe proportions of CD45+ cells in CD41⁺ population were 51.9% (AGM), 45.8% (YS) and 22.2% (CB), respectively, while those of c-kit⁺ cells were 40.0% (AGM), 39.6% (YS) and 36.2% (CB), respectively. After stimulated by IL-3 factor, the number of total colonies increased in all three groups-derived CD41⁺ cells compared to that of unstimulated group[(14.1±1.9) vs (1.2±0.2), (32.4±1.1) vs (18.4±2.2) and (41.8±0.9) vs (10.4±1.8)], (P<0.01). After stimulated by BMP-4 factor, compared to unstimulated group, CFU-Mix colony number in CD41⁺ cells from AGM region and YS were significantly decreased[(0.5±0.6) vs (3.2±0.8), (1.3±0.7) vs (7.4±1.7)](P<0.01), but there was no difference in CB group[(2.5±0.5) vs (3.9±1.5)](P>0.01). The mesenchymal marker α-SMA was highly expressed in CD41⁺ cells from AGM region and YS, but lowly expressed in CD41⁺ cells from CB.

CONCLUSIONThere are some differences between CD41⁺ cells in AGM region, YS and CB on hematopoietic cell surface marker expression, hematopoietic colony formation with IL-3 and BMP-4 stimulation.

Animals ; Aorta ; cytology ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; Gonads ; cytology ; Interleukin-3 ; pharmacology ; Mesonephros ; cytology ; Mice ; Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; metabolism ; Yolk Sac ; cytology

OBJECTIVETo study the feasibility and clinical efficacy of a minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach in the treatment of Sanders II calcaneus fractures.

METHODSFrom August of 2015 to July of 2016, 13 patients(totally 13 feet) with Sanders II intra-articular calcaneus fractures were treated via the minimally invasive sinus tarsi approach. The Böhler angle, Gissane angle and the length, width and height of calcaneus were compared between pre-operation and post-operation. The AOFAS ankle and foot scoring system of the orthopaedic ankle foot Association was used to evaluate the efficacy.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 6 to 15 months, with an average of 9.5 months. No incision complications occurred. The Böhler angle was increased from preoperative (18.82±5.11)° to postoperative(26.63±4.45)°(=-4.16,=0.000). The Gissane angle was increased from preoperative(111.07±15.36)° to postoperative (124.56±8.71)° (=-2.75,=0.011). The length, width, height of calcaneus were absolutely improved from preoperative(69.82±5.95) mm, (42.07±3.68) mm, (41.20±3.90) mm to preoperatively(72.61±5.46) mm, (39.10±4.02) mm, (44.03±3.33) mm. According to the AOFAS, 8 patients got an excellent result, 4 good and 1 poor, and the postoperative mean score was 88.2±5.9.

CONCLUSIONSThe limited open sinus tarsi approach could be used successfully to treat displaced Sanders II fractures with less injury and effectively restored the surface of subtalar joint, however the method is not fit for the patients with comminuted fracture in lateral wall and great change in the length, width, height, varus and valgus of calcaneus.

BACKGROUND: Animal models are critical to study the mechanism, prevention and treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Therefore, constructing an ideal animal model of IDD is the key to further study IDD. OBJECTIVE: To review the selection and construction methods of the IDD model, so as to select and construct an ideal animal model of IDD. METHODS: A retrieval of CNKI, WanFang, VIP, SinoMed and PubMed databases was performed for the articles published before December 2016. The keywords were "intervertebral disc degeneration, animal model" in English and Chinese, respectively. All the articles were selected from the authoritative magazines, and finally 56 eligible articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are many kinds of animals used for constructing the IDD model, including small and large animals. The former has a small volume of intervertebral disc that is beneficial for nutrient and metabolite transport,so it can be used for long-term in vitro culture.The latter has a large volume of intervertebral disc,which is appropriate for biomechanical study.The animal models of IDD include in vivo and in vitro models:the in vivo models include the changed biomechanics,destroyed physical structure,spontaneous and systemic disease models;the in vitro models include in vitro cellular and organ models.However,there is still a lack of an ideal animal model that can fully simulate human IDD. Noticeably, similarity, comparability, economy, feasibility, reliability and controllability should be considered.

Objective To explore the clinical effects of Ilizarov technology combined with closed minimally invasive osteotomy and slow tissue distraction in the treatment of complex crus malformations.Methods From June 2006 to February 2016,83 cases suffering complex crus malformations in our department were treated by Ilizarov technique combined with closed minimally invasive osteotomy and slow tissue distraction.Of whom,39 cases were traumatic bone defect,36 cases were bone osteomyelitis,8 cases were congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia.Bone defect ranged from 6 to 11 cm,with an average of 8 cm.All cases were conducted by segmental resection of bone lesions combined with closed minimally invasive osteotomy and Ilizarov technique.The functional evaluation was carried out according to the Paley evaluation criterion.Bone healing time,duration of external fixation,postoperative limb lengthening and limb function recovery were recorded.Results Eighty-three patients were followed up for 8 to 36 months,with an average of 16 months.All patients' crus malformations were completely corrected.The external fixation time was from 6 to 18 months,with an average of 10.3 months;the length of the limb lengthening was from 4.5 to 9 cm,with an average of 6.3 cm;and bone healing time was from 6 to 15 months,with an average of 9.8 months.According to the Paley evaluation criterion,53 cases were excellent,24 cases were good,6 cases were general.Conclusion Ilizarov technology combined with closed minimally invasive osteotomy and slow tissue distraction a reliable method to correct the complex deformity of the tibia and fibula.

OBJECTIVETo study the characteristics of cationic polymers polyethylenimine-β-cyclodextrin (PEI-CyD), polyethylenimine-poly-(3-hydroxypropyl)-aspartamide (PEI-PHPA), N,N-Dimethyldipropylenetriamine-Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine-aspartamide (PEE-PHPA) in vitro and in vivo.

METHODSPEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA were synthesized and the chemistry structure of PEI-PHPA, PEI-CyD and PEE-PHPA was confirmed by (1)H-NMR. The particle size and zeta potential of these polymers were measured, and capacity of plasmid DNA condensation was tested. The inhibition of COS-7, A549, HEK293 and C6 cells was measured by MTT assay. The transfection efficiency was determined in HEK293 cell lines. The toxicity, tissue distribution and transfection efficiency of cationic polymers were tested in vivo.

RESULTSWhen the N/P of polymers/DNA at 30, the particle sizes were close 250 nm and the zeta-potential were near 35 mv. They were able to condense DNA at N/P ratio < 5. The MTT assay showed that the IC(50) of PEE-PHPA was 21.5, 20.2, 7.30 and 37.1 μg/ml, and that of PEI25kD was 15.8, 18.3, 11.4 and 36.7 μg/ml in C6, COS-7, A549 and HEK293cell lines, respectively. The cell viability of PEI-CyD and PEI-PHPA in above cell lines was over 60%. They had high transfection efficiency in HEK293 cell lines. The LD(50) of PEI25Kd, PEI-CyD, PEI-PHPA and PEE-PHPA in vivo was 19.50, 100.4, 521.2 and 630.0, respectively by intraperitoneal (ip) injection. The contractions of these polymers were higher in kidney than in other organs and tissues.PEE-PHPA had slight effect on kidney and liver function.

CONCLUSIONPEE and PEI25kD have higher transfection efficiency and higher toxicity; while PC and PHPA-PEI have lower toxicity and higher transfection efficiency to be used as non-viral gene vector.

Cations ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Polyethyleneimine ; Polymers ; Transfection ; beta-Cyclodextrins