Exocytosis is a vital function of many cell types including neuron, endocrine cell and immunocyte. Secretion in immunocytes involves a complex process of signal transduction, in which many factors still remain unknown. In the last 10 years, this area has become an international hot spot of investigation, resulting in many break-through progresses. This progress was made possible by combined efforts in molecular biology, cell biology and biophysics. This review focuses on notable new knowledge and some new techniques in functional study of secretion in immunocytes.
Exocytosis ; physiology ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; physiology ; Lymphocytes ; immunology ; secretion ; Mast Cells ; immunology ; secretion ; Membrane Proteins ; physiology ; Neutrophils ; immunology ; secretion ; SNARE Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; physiology ; Vesicular Transport Proteins

Objective To explore the influence of self-efficacy on self-manageemnt behavior and blood glucose control in diabetes patients. Methods A total of 435 diabetes patients chosen by convenience sampling method, were surveyed by the Chinese diabetes management self-efficacy scale ( C-DMSES) and Chinese version scale of the diabetes self-care activities ( SDSCA) . Results Score of self-efficacy for 435 patients with diabetes was (132. 28 ± 38. 66) and 63. 91% patients were in the moderate level; self management behavior survey indicated that 58. 85% patients had the moderate self-care levels. Only 22. 76% of the patients achieved the target goal of blood glucose. Self-efficacy and self-care behavior of patients were positively correlated ( P <0. 05), while HbA1c and self-care behavior and self-efficacy were negatively correlated ( P < 0. 05 ). Multivariate liner regression analysis showed that self behavior explained by self-efficacy was 33. 26% variance, 7. 4% variance of HbA1c were explained by self-efficacy. Conclusions Self-efficacy and self-care behavior of diabetes patients are in medium level. Good self-efficacy may improve self-care behavior and blood glucose control of diabetes patients.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the germplasm of Rehmannia glutinosa on the basis of photosynthetic pigment contents (PPC).

METHOD20 cultivars were planted on the same condition. On Oct. 23 and Sept. 25, 3 leaves per cultivar were collected on different plants, and 80 mg mesophyll was collected among upper lateral veins and was ground in 96% alcohol, and the supernatant was subjected to measure on a spectrophotometer (Angilent 8453).

RESULTThe PPCs among cultivars were significantly different at a P < or = 0.01 level. The results of the measurements were similar. Chlolophyll a was the most abundant pigment, but varied to a great extent among different cultivars. 20 cultivars were divided into 9 homogeneous groups according to the contents of chlorophyll a by Duncan's multiple range test at P < or = 0.05. In addition, the content of chlorophyll a was closely related to leaf color. The cultivars with higher chlolophyll a had deep green leaves, and those with lower had yellow green or pale green leaves.

CONCLUSIONPPC was an inherent character and an important index for the germplasm evaluation of R. glutinosa.

Chlorophyll ; analysis ; Color ; Photosynthesis ; Pigments, Biological ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Rehmannia ; chemistry ; growth & development

Objective TounderstandandevaluatethetransmissionriskofavianinfluenzaA(H7N9)virusinlivepoultry markets(LPMs).Methods Atotalof31LPMsfromJiaxingcitywereselectedusingrandomsamplingmethodand hygienicinvestigationonthespotwascarriedout.Results All31farmproductmarketshadlivepoultrytradewhile29 (83.87%)of them had live poultry slaughter spots,and 3 of them were not in the trade zone.The situation of sanitary, isolation,disinfection and personal protection in live poultry trading spot was not satisfied and only one LPM set a compartment.The LPMs whose distance exceeding 10 meters between live poultry slaughter spot and trading spot were accountedfor41.38%.Conclusion ThetransmissionriskofavianinfluenzaA(H7N9)virusinfarmproductmarketis high.To close the live poultry market during the epidemic period and strengthen surveillance activities are suggested.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the cyto-genotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensates (CSCs) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes with different assays in vitro.

METHODSHuman lymphocytes were exposed to particle matter of cigarette smoke combined with or without S9 mixtures at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 microg/ml for 3 h. The cytotoxicity induced by CSCs was detected by CCK-8 assay. The DNA damage, DNA repair (repair time: 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 min, respectively) and the somatic cell mutations induced by 75 microg/ml CSCs were measured by comet assay, hprt gene and TCR gene mutation tests, respectively.

RESULTSCCK-8 assay indicated that the cell viability decreased with CSCs doses. At the doses of 100, 125 microg/ml, the cell viability of CSCs +S9 group was significantly higher than that of CSCs -S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). In comet assay, DNA damage significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, there was significant difference between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The Mf-TCR at each dose group was significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The Mf-hprt at high-dose groups were significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.01), and significant difference of Mf-TCR and Mf-hprt at high doses of CSCs between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The DNA damage induced by CSCs +S9 or CSCs -S9 could be repaired, but DNA repair speed was different between -S9 group and +S9 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONCSCs may induce cyto-genotoxicity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, but S9 mix could reduce the toxicity of CSCs and impact DNA repair speed.

Cells, Cultured ; Comet Assay ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; DNA Repair ; drug effects ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; Male ; Mutation ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects ; Young Adult

Objective To probe the technical processes of the suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniotomy with replacement of bone flap and deep muscles incision and suture and its clinical application. Methods The data of 40 patients undergoing suboccipital craniotomy to the cerehello-pontine angle lesions, deep muscles incision and suture in our hospital from May, 2003 to May, 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the procedures of craniotomy including removal of the bone flap, deep muscles incision and suture were accomplished safely with an average operation time of 40-60 min. Two patients appeared post-operative subcutaneous hydrops without CSF leakage and the majority can move their head freely sixth day after the operation. Conclusion Suboccipital retrosigmoidal craniotomy with replacement of bone flap, and deep muscles incision and suture, being a safe and feasible method, may decrease the happening of postoperative CSF leakage and encephalocele, and accelerate the recover of head movement.

Objective To investigate the effects of resveratrol on rat liver injury induced by anti -tuberculosis drugs and study the relation-ship between Sirtuin 1 ( SIRT1 ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein ( CHOP ).Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group ( isoniazid+rifampicin, both 50 mg· kg-1 · d-1 ) , experimental group (basis on the model group+resvera-trol 15 mg· kg-1· d-1) and control group (rifampicin 50 mg· kg-1· d-1). Each group consisted of 8 animals.Serum biochemical parameters of liver were detected.Superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activity and malon-dialdehyde ( MDA) concentration in liver tissues were determined.Path-ological changes of liver tissue were detected.The expression of SIRT1 and CHOP were analyzed by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, resveratrol significantly reduced levels of serum biochemical parameters, reduced MDA content [(1.76 ±0.32) vs (2.23 ±0.36) nmol · mgprot-1 ] and increased SOD activity [ ( 85.33 ±11.52 ) vs (67.36 ±12.19 ) U · mgprot-1 ] ( P <0.05 ) , ameliorated pathological changes, increased the expression of SIRT1 and reduced CHOP protein expression ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion The protective effects of resvera-trol on the liver injury may be related to the activation of SIRT1 and subsequently inhibition of oxidative stress and CHOP.

This article describes the concept, theoretical basis, commonly used evaluation indicators of the intimacy enhancement therapy, as well as the application status and effects of the therapy among different cancer patients and their spouses, so as to provide a reference for the development of intimacy enhancement therapy suitable for Chinese culture and improve the quality of family life of cancer patients.

BACKGROUNDLarge animal models with toxin-mediated pancreatic damage have been used extensively in researches with respect to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diabetic complications. The present study aimed to establish Chinese Guizhou minipig models with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and characterize the animal models by analyzing inflammatory cytokine levels in aortic wall, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

METHODSTwenty-two male Chinese Guizhou minipigs (age, 4 to 6 months; weight, 20 kg to 30 kg) were divided into STZ-induced diabetic group (n = 12) and control group (n = 10). STZ (125 mg/kg) was administrated to induce hyperglycemia and afterwards insulin was used to control fasting blood glucose levels below 10 mmol/L. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and one month after STZ administration and serum concentrations of alanine transaminase, asparagine transaminase, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, lipids and white blood cell count were measured before and six months later. Animals in both groups were euthanized after six months and pancreas was examined immunohistochemically for islet beta cells. Aortic intima of diabetic minipigs and controls was analyzed for TNF-alpha level in tissue conditioned medium by Western blot. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA levels in aortic intima were assayed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSSignificant elevation in serum glucose levels was observed one month and six months after STZ induction (P < 0.001) and markedly increased OGTT values were noted, compared with baseline data. The normal pancreas had many irregular sized islets and small clusters of islet beta cells, while in pancreas of diabetic minipigs islet beta cells almost disappeared. No statistical difference was notified in serum concentrations of biochemical examinations before and six months after STZ induction. Western blot demonstrated dramatically increased TNF-alpha level in aotic intima conditioned medium, and significant elevation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA levels was revealed by RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONSThe present study has established Chinese Guizhou minipig models with STZ-induced diabetes. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) significantly elevated in aortic intima of diabetic minipigs.

Animals ; Aorta ; chemistry ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; immunology ; pathology ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interleukin-1beta ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Male ; Pancreas ; pathology ; Streptozocin ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) are highly heterogeneous, and the management of pNENs patients can be intractable. To address this challenge, an expert committee was established on behalf of the Chinese Pancreatic Surgery Association, Chinese Society of Surgery, Chinese Medical Association, which consisted of surgical oncologists, gastroenterologists, medical oncologists, endocrinologists, radiologists, pathologists, and nuclear medicine specialists. By reviewing the important issues regarding the diagnosis and treatment of pNENs, the committee concluded evidence-based statements and recommendations in this article, in order to further improve the management of pNENs patients in China.