Bacteria ; classification ; growth & development ; Candida ; growth & development ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mouth ; microbiology

Objective To investigate expression of transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?1)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) protein in renal tissues,and detect the levels of urinary TGF-?1 and CTGF in rats with diabetic nephropathy(DN).To observe the influence of losartan on expression of the two protein in renal tissue and excretion in urine.Methods Wistar rats were treated by intravenous injection of streptozotocin after right nephrectomy to induce DN rat model.The DN rats were randomly divided into two groups:DN experimental group and losartan treated group.The expression of TGF-?1 and CTGF in renal tissue were determined with immunohistochemical staining,urinary TGF-?1 and CTGF were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) at 6,12 weeks respectively.Results Compared with losartan treated group,urinary protein excretion and the protein expression of TGF-?1 and CTGF significantly increased(P

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P<0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P>0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P<0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of cerebral ischemic preconditioning by detecting the expression changes of hippocampus nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Hesl mRNA after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.Methods A total of 108 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into a cerebral ischemia group,a cerebral ischemic preconditioning group,and a sham operation group,and then redivided into 22 h,48 h,72 h,7 d,and 14 d subgroups.Ischemic preconditioning was performed at day 3 before establishing the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model by transient occlusion of right internal carotid artery for 10 min.At each time point after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume measurement were performed,and the expressions of NF-κB and Hes1 mRNA in the hippocampus were detected by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The neurological function scores and the percentage of cerebral infarction volume in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning goup at each time point were significantly lower than those in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (all P ＜0.05).The expression levels of NF-κB and Hesl mRNAs in each group had progressive reduction with time.Compared with the same time point,it showed that the expression levels of NF-κB and Hes1 mRNAs in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning group and the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,the expression level of NF-κB mRNA in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning group was significantly lower than that in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group,and the expression level of Hesl mRNA was significantly higher than that in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (all P ＜0.05).Conclusions The upregulation of Hesl and down-regulation of NF-κB may be involved in the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic preconditioning.

Objective To observe the changes of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and intedeukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral cortex of rats after cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP) and to further explore the signification of CIP.Methods SPF healthy male SD rats were assigned randomly into 3 group:model Ⅰ group (n =36),model Ⅱ group (n =36),and sham group (n =36).The rats in model Ⅱ group were subjected to 2 hour of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion with suture-occluded method to establish focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury model.Ten miniutes MCAO by suture-occluded was used as model Ⅰ group,72 hours after reperfusion,given the same treatment like the model Ⅱ group.For the sham group,separate the carotid artery only.Each group was divided into 0.5 days,1 day,2 days,3 days,7days total of five time points after reperfusion,6 rats at each time point.After surgery,the infarction volume was evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining.The neural behavioral score were measured by Zea Longa assessment criteria.The expression levels of RAGE and IL-1β mRNA were assessed by the method of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results Comparison of rats in 1 d after ischemia,the infarct volume in model Ⅰ group was (19.04 ± 1.65) ％ which was lower than model Ⅱ group(34.55 ±4.78) ％,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with model Ⅱ group,the average neural behavioral scores at each time point were less than 2.2 points in model Ⅰ group,they were significantly reduced (P ＜ 0.05).The expression of RAGE mRNA:The Delta C (T) value of RAGE in the model Ⅰ and model Ⅱ groups were significantly higher than the sham group at that times,reached the peak at the time of 1 d,the Delta C (T) value of the sham group,the model Ⅰ group and model Ⅱ group were 6.56 ±0.08,9.52 ± 0.23,9.89 ± 0.17,which relative expression quantity being calculated were 1.24,9.65,12.47,both decreased with the prolonging of reperfusion time.The Delta C (T) value of the sham group,the model Ⅰ group and model Ⅱ group at 3 d were 6.18 ±0.32,7.87 ±0.36,8.61 ±0.24,the expression levels of model Ⅰ group were significantly lower than the model Ⅱ group at those five time points(P ＜0.05).The expression of IL-1β mRNA:its Delta C (T) value of IL-1β in the model Ⅰ group and model Ⅱ group were both significantly higher than the sham group at 0.5 days,1day,2 days,3days,7days,for example,the Delta C(T) value of the sham group,the model Ⅰ group and model Ⅱ group at 3 days were 7.75 ±0.32,9.94 ±0.18,10.38-±0.27,which relative expression quantity being calculated were 1.09,4.96,6.73,the difference was statistically significant(P ＜0.01),the model Ⅰ group was significantly lower than the model Ⅱ group at those five time points,the Delta C(T) value of the two groups at 0.5 d were 11.84 ± 0.43,12.51 ± 0.36,which relative expression quantity being calculated were 18.51 and 29.45,the expression was descending gradually along with the time (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion CIP can produce cerebral ischemic tolerance,the down-regulation of RAGE and IL-1β expression may be one of the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance induced by CIP.

OBJECTIVETo find out different transmission ways of oral mutans Streptococci (MS) in nursery children.

METHODSThe study group included 44 nursery children between 3 and 4 years of age and 20 mothers. Dental plaque samples were collected with sterile toothpick and cultured on MSB plates for 48 h. Individual MS colonies representative of the colonial morphologies were subcultured on TPY plates. These strains were biochemically identified to species level. AP-PCR fingerprinting analysis was preformed after identification.

RESULTSMS was isolated in oral cavities of 65.9% children in 44 babies and 50% pairs in 20 mother-child pairs. A total of 98 MS isolates from 44 children and 20 mothers were isolated. Thirty-two different amplitype were identified in 10 mother-child pairs colonized by MS and there were similar genotypes in 7 pairs of mother-child. Twenty-nine different amplitype were identified in 24 nursery children, and there were 2 genotypes of MS isolated repeatedly among 13 nursery children.

CONCLUSIONSThe presence of matching genotypes of MS among nursery children and their mothers suggests horizontal and vertical transmission.

Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Dental Caries ; prevention & control ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Male ; Mothers ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Streptococcal Infections ; genetics ; transmission ; Streptococcus mutans ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo observe the dynamic changes of oral microflora early colonized in infants.

METHODSThe oral swab samples for the study were taken in 1 day, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months after birth from 12 healthy neonates. By choosing suitable diluted concentration, the samples were incubated aerobically, facultative anaerobically and anaerobically. The strains were identified by observing colony characteristics, Gram staining and biochemical tests.

RESULTSS. salivarius was the most frequent microflora, followed by S. mitis, S. sanguis, S. gordonii and S. mutans occurred in oral cavity after tooth eruption. Veillonella spp. can be detected in oral cavity of 1-month-old babies, A. odontolyticus was isolated from 8.3% infants of more than 3 months old. L. acidophilus maintained the lower prevalence in oral cavity of babies. Leptotrichia buccalis and Capnocytophaga spp. occurred in oral cavity of some dentate infants.

CONCLUSIONS. solivarius and S. mitis are predominant species in oral cavity of the infants, Veillonella spp. is the first and the most anaerobic species appeared in oral cavity of healthy babies. A. odontolyticus is the first actinomyces detected in oral cavity. With the increasing months, kind and amount of microflora increase dramatically.

Actinomyces ; isolation & purification ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mouth ; microbiology ; Mouth Mucosa ; microbiology ; Saliva ; microbiology ; Streptococcus ; classification ; isolation & purification ; Streptococcus mitis ; isolation & purification ; Streptococcus mutans ; isolation & purification ; Streptococcus sanguis ; isolation & purification ; Veillonella ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo analyze genotypic diversity of oral Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and find out horizontal transmission possibility of the microbe in day-nursery children.

METHODSThe plaque samples were scratched with sterilized toothpicks from teeth of 32 day-nursery children aged between 3 and 4, then cultured on MSB plates. Clones with representative S. mutans-like were subcultured and identified to species level biochemically. AP-PCR fingerprinting was performed to distinguish genotypic diversity of those isolates. Then S. mutans isolated from different children with very similar amplicon profiles were examined by chromosomal DNA fingerprinting analysis.

RESULTSS. mutans were isolated in oral cavities of 78.1% children, 100% in caries and 69.6% in caries-free children. A total of 57 genotypes were identified by AP-PCR. More than one amplitypes were identified in 88% of the 25 children with S. mutans colonization. Two pair of children shared common genotypic S. mutans.

CONCLUSIONThere is no evident relation between number of genotype detected and caries. The presence of matching genotypes of S. mutans among day-nursery children suggests the horizontal transmission may exist.

Child ; Dental Caries ; Dental Plaque ; Genotype ; Humans ; Nurseries ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcus mutans ; Tooth

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is applied to improve disinfection of root canals in most root canal retreatment. This study aimed to analyze the CH removal efficacy using 7 different root preparing files (K file, pre-curved K file, EndoActivator, Ultrasonic file, pre-curved ultrasonic file, F file and needle irrigation alone) with apical transportation. Standardized models of curved canal with such apical transportation or not were set up before applying CH to root canal for 7 days. Seven techniques described above were used for its removal. Then the roots were disassembled and digital photos were taken. The ratio of residual CH in the overall canal surface was calculated using the image analyzer image pro plus 6.0. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey test. Results revealed that CH was effectively removed (P<0.05) by using all 6 mechanical methods except irrigation alone. In curved root canals with apical transportation, EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file were found to be more effective in removing CH than the other four file (P<0.001), while there was no significant difference among EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file groups (P>0.05). The percentage of residual CH in the canal with apical transportation was higher than that in the canal without apical transportation (P<0.05). In conclusion, CH can be hardly removed completely. Canal with apical transportation will result in insufficient CH removal. EndoActivator, pre-curved ultrasonic file and F file are more effective in the curved root canal with apical transportation.
Animals ; Bone Cements ; pharmacology ; Calcium Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Cattle ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; Disinfectants ; pharmacology ; Root Canal Preparation ; methods

An adjustable folding mount is presented in this paper. It is a multi-functional device for one or more patient's infusions, continuous traction and functional training, and life nursing etc.
Equipment and Supplies ; Fluid Therapy ; instrumentation ; Humans ; Nursing Care ; Traction ; instrumentation