Objective To explore the extrahepatic bile duct stones after reoperation cause analysis and coun-termeasures.Methods Clinical data of 150 patients with liver surgery gallstone surgery again were retrospectively analyzed,according to the first reason for liver from gallstone surgery will be divided into the three groups:group hepa-tolithiasis ( group A,100 cases) ,gallstones group ( group B,30 patients) ,common bile duct stones group ( group C, 20 cases) .The reasons for reoperation were analyzed.Results In intrahepatic bile duct stones reoperation patients, the recurrence of liver gallstones was 98 cases(65.3%),common bile duct cysts and Caroli disease was 35 cases (23.3%),anastomotic stenosis in 17 cases(11.3%);The postoperative complication rate of group A(44.0%) was significantly higher than that of group B(13.3%) and group C(15.0%)(χ2 =9.32,5.88,all P<0.05);The sec-ondary and post-operative inflammation stone recurrence within 5 years of group A was 32.0%,which was significant-ly higher than 6.7%of group B and 10.0%of group C(χ2 =7.67,3.97,all P<0.05).Conclusion The intrahe-patic bile duct stones are the main types of reoperation after liver gallstones,gallstones and liver recurrence is the main cause of its secondary surgery.It should be make clear the disease cause of preoperation, take a different surgical options for patients with different types of stones,prevention,and avoid the occurrence of postoperative complications, which can effectively reduce the risk of secondary surgery to alleviate the suffering of patients.

Objective: To observe the efficacy of mirtazapine in the treatment of depression after cerebral infarction and its effect on rehabilitation of neurological functions. Methods:117 patients with acute cerebral infarction comorbid with major depression were randomly allocated to two groups treated with mirtazapine (57 cases) or not (60 cases). Hamiltion Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS), modified Edingburgh-Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS) and Activity of Daily Living(ADL) were measured at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 6 months after randomization.Results:At the end of 6 months trial, the effective rate for depression of mirtazapine group was 100%, including 41 with relief (41/57, 71.9%); while that of control group was 13.4% (3/60), with only 4 with relief (6.7%). For neurological function, 78.9% (45) patients in mirtazapine group had significant improvement, that number in control group was 31 (51.7%). From the third week, patients in mirtazapine group had better ADL results than baseline (31.2?11.2/39.2?15.8), at the end of 6 months, their activity of daily life was much better than that of control (15.7?5.4/21.8?9.7, t=4.17,P

Aged ; Female ; Giant Cell Arteritis ; complications ; Humans ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; complications

Objective To explore the characteristics of event-based prospective memory (EBPM) and time-based prospective memory (TBPM) impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods EBPM and TBPM were examined in 87 PD patients and 85 healthy controls. And both of them were divided into two groups: aged group (≥60 years old) and non-aged group (＜60 years old). Results (1) The scores of EBPM were significantly lower in aged PD patients and non-aged PD patients than in age-matched control groups [(2. 5±0. 4) vs. (5.8± 1.3),(3.9±2.4) vs. (6.3±1.5), both P＜0. 01]. There were no significant differences in the scores of EBPM between aged PD patients or non-aged PD patients and their age-matched control groups [(3.6±0.5) vs. (3.8±0.8), (4.8±0.9) vs. (4.9±0.9), both P＞0.05]. (2)The Hoehn-Yahr grade in PD patients was significantly correlated with scores of EBPM, but not with scores of TBPM.Conclusions The patients with PD have an impairment in EBPM, but not in TBPM. The impairment of EBPM may be related to the disease severity of PD.

?AlM: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis ( PCCC ) combined with anterior vitrectomy in preventing posterior capsule opacification of congenital cataract surgery.
?METHODS:Postoperative clinical follow-up data of 82 cases ( 87 eyes ) with congenital cataract treated in Eye Center of our hospital from January 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the surgical control group ( 38 cases, 40 eyes, recieved phacoemulsification + PCCC ) and the study group ( 44 cases, 47 eyes, accepted phacoemulsification+ PCCC + anterior vitrectomy). The incidence of central optic axis opaque and postoperative visual acuity distribution were recorded at 1a follow - up. lntraoperative and postoperative complications were observed.
?RESULTS:The rate of central optic axis opaque grade 0 in control group was 37. 5%, compared to 76. 6% in study groups. The opacity distribution ratio of grade 1,2,3 and 4 in study group were lower than that of control group, and the central optic axis opacity distribution ratio in study group was significantly better than that of control group (P<0. 05). The 19 eyes(47. 5%) of visual acuity testing ≤0. 5 in control group , was higher than the 7 eyes(14. 89%) of that in the study group, The 21 eyes (52. 5%) of visual acuity testing >0. 5 in control group was lower than the 40 eyes ( 85. 11%) of that in study group. The visual acuity between two groups has statistical significance difference after 1a follow-up ( P<0. 05 ) , and the visual acuity in study group was significantly better than that in the control group. The postoperative intraocular pressure at 1mo and 1a follow-up was lower than before operation in two groups ( P<0. 05), but there was no significant difference between two groups in intraocular pressure (P<0. 05).
?CONCLUSlON: Combination of phacoemulsification, PCCC and anterior vitrectomy presents reliable clinical effects on postoperative central optic axis opacity distribution ratio and visual acuity, and it should be adopted to prevent the occurrence of posterior capsule opacification.

Objective To analyze the results of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination(OSCE) of medical interns in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics,and to assess the role of OSCE in clinical teaching and practice. MethodsAtolal of 104 medical interns of five-year education program in 2002 and seven-year education program in 2003 in School of Medicine had taken part in OSCE of gynecology and obstetrics.The OSCE consisted of six stations: gynecologic examination,obstetric examination,oral test,interrogation of standardized-patients(SP),drawing partogram,and non-stress test(NST) explanation.After gathering the data of each station,the software of SPSS 11.0 was used to make statistical analysis. Results The median scores were as follows: 92.0 for gynecologic examination,91.0 for obstetric examination,83.5 for oral test,80.0 for interrogation of SP,80.0 for drawing partogram,and 70.0 for NST explanation.There was no significant impact of familiarity to OSCE on the results of the test.The results showed that medical interns did good job in basic performance,but lack of clinical practice skills in some complicated practice of gynecology and obstetrics.Conclusion The grading system and stations setup of OSCE in Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital show objectivity and equity.The OSCE can be widely applied in the after-department examination and even graduation examination.

Objective To investigate the selection of surgery and clinical outcomes of upper cervical injuries.Methods 25 upper cervical injury patients were involved in this retrospective study from November 2011 to June 2014.Including 20 males and 5 females with mean age of 37.1 years old (range,14-55 years old).Individual operation methods were based on the comprehensive evaluation of specific situations including the clinical manifestation,the type of the injuries and the imaging data.HaloVest distraction was applicated before operation.The surgery by anterior approach were performed for 7 patients and posterior approach were performed for 18 patients.Preoperative and postoperative American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade and Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) score were studied to evaluate the nerve functional restoration.Imaging data before and after the operation were contrasted to evaluate the reduction of the fracture,the bone union,the fusion of the bone graft and the condition of the internal fixation.Wilcoxon Singed Rank Test was applied to compare the FIM score between pre-operation and last follow-up.Results 15 patients presented neurological function deficit because of cervical spinal cord compromise.All cases were followed up for 6-35 months (mean 18.2 months),showing good clinical and radiological effects.Solid fusion was obtained in all patients among 3-12 months.The ASIA grade improved by an average of 1.1 (6 months after operation) and 1.2 (12 months after operation).There was significant difference in FIM score between pre-operation and last follow-up.One patient got cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Conservative treatment was implemented with the Trendelenburg position,rehydration fluids and so on.Removal of drainage tube 8 days later when the drainage was less than 30 ml/24 h.No incision infection,cerebrospinal fluid leakage,migration or breakage of internal fixation was observed at the last follow-up.Conclusion The type of upper cervical injuries are complicated,the characteristics of fracture,dislocation and nerve injury in different patients are different.The specific situation should be evaluated comprehensively to make individual operation methods.The success of the operation requires the proficiency of the anatomic basis,the biomechanical characteristics,precise entrance point and direction in operation,appropriate diameter of the screw and suitable depth of the screw road.

Objective To observe the effects of levodopa on verbal and spatial working memory in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods The modified Smith working memory software were applied to study the verbal and spatial working memory in 32 PD patients before and 8 weeks after treatment with levodopa and benserazide hydrochloride tablets.The results of PD patients were compared with those in 32 normal controls matched for age,sex and education.Results The correct rates of phonological verbal and coordinate visuospatial working memory were significantly lower in the PD patients without treatment than in the normal controls (both P＜0.01).The correct rates of semantic verbal and categorical visuospatial working memory had no significant differences between the PD patients without treatment and the normal controls (both P＞0.05).The correct rates of phonological verbal working memory and coordinate visuospatial working memory were significantly higher in the PD patients after administration of levodopa and benserazide tablets than in PD patients without treatment [(88.6±6.5)％ vs.(82.1 ± 6.6)％,(84.2±8.8)％ vs.(75.2±8.9)％,respectively,both P＜0.01],but there were no significant differences in the correct rates of semantic verbal working memory and categorical visuospatial working memory between the above two groups (both P＞0.05).The correct rates of phonological verbal,semantic verbal,coordinate visuospatial and categorical visuospatial working memory were negatively correlated with the course of disease,and had no correlations with age and the degree of education.Conclusions Levodopa can improve the functions of phonological verbal working memory and the coordinate visuospatial working memory,but has no effect on the semantic verbal working memory and the categorical visuospatial working memory.It is postulated that dopamine replacement therapy may have double dissociable effects on the different working memories.

Objective To characterize emotional memory impairment in untreated patients with Parkinson' s disease (PD) in the early stages of the disease. Methods Emotional memory tasks using standardized sets of emotional pictures including positive, neutral and negative valence were tested in 33 untreated patients with PD in the early stages and 31 healthy controls matched with age, sex, and education.Results Compared with the healthy adults (13.4 ± 1.4), PD patients had significant loss of negative valence picture memorizing ( 8. 9 ± 1.0; t = - 14. 87, P ＜ 0. 01 ).There was no significant difference between PD patients and normal controls in positive ( 11.8 ± 1.0 vs 12. 4 ± 2. 2 , t = - 0. 95 ) and neutral (7.9 ± 1.4 vs 8.2 ± 1.3, t = - 0. 89) valence picture memorizing ( both P ＞ 0. 05 ). ConclusionThe emotional memory for negative valence pictures is impaired but the emotional memory for positive and neutral is relatively spared in early PD patients without treatment.