Exosomes are nanosized membrane microvesicles secreted by various living cells.They contain proteins,lipids,RNA,and a variety of other biological macromolecules.Exosomes play an important role in many pathological and physiological processes,such as antigen presentation in the immune system,repair of damaged tissues,and growth and migration of tumors.Tumor-derived or tumor-associated exosomes play a vital role in regulating the occurrence and development of tumors.The analysis and detection of exosomes in tumors is helpful for the early diagnosis of tumors and provide new treatment methods.This article reviews exosomes' origin,composition,and functions in the development,migration,diagnosis,and treatment of tumors and provides new ideas for the treatment of tumors.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and value of quantitatively assessing left ventricular systolic function in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) based on mathematical morphology algorithm.Methods SD rats model of MI were mede,then MCE were performed before MI and at 1,3 weeks after MI.In vitro study:based on the principle of binary morphology,segmentation of endocardium was acquired using dilation,erosion,closed operations and connected domain object tag-based.The automatic segmentation of endocardial contour was compared with the manual segmentation boundary.In vivo study:the left ventricular area was calculated using the software,and the area variation fraction (AVF),a new index of left ventricular systolic function,were acquired.The correlation between AVF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was analyzed.The value of AVF for diagnosis for left ventricular dysfunction was evaluated by ROC curve.Results ① The cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) and percent error (PE) between automatic contours and manual boundary were more than 0.90 and less than 9％,respectively.② AVF correlated positively with LVEF (r =0.934,P ＜ 0.001).③ ROC analyses showed the area under curves for AVF diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction was 0.834.The best cutoff value was 27.5 ％ for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction with the sensitivity of 85 ％ and specificity of 60 ％.Conclusions Left ventricular endocardium can be identificated automatically and rapidly by MCE based on mathematical morphology algorithm.AVF can assessed quantitatively left ventricular systolic function in rats with myocardial infarction.

Acetates ; blood ; Adult ; Aged ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Female ; Humans

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cells, Cultured ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Microglia ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

Animals ; Arrestins ; metabolism ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; metabolism ; beta-Arrestin 1 ; beta-Arrestins

Animals ; Gene Expression ; Hypoxia ; metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex ; metabolism ; Rats ; Somatomedins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of Shenkang Injection (SI) on hypertrophy and expressions of p21 and p27 in glomerular mesangial cells of rats cultured in high glucose fluid.

METHODSCultured rat glomerular mesangial cells were divided into 6 groups: the normal control group, mannitol-treated group, high glucose-treated group, high, middle and low dose SI treated groups. The synthesis of cell protein and DNA were determined with incorporation of 3H-TdR and 3H-Leu. The changes of p21 mRNA and expressions of p21 and p27 protein were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot.

RESULTSHigh glucose caused incorporation of 3H-TdR reduced, incorporation of 3H-Leu increased. SI could decrease incorporation of 3H-Leu, increase incorporation of 3H-TdR. Compared with the high glucose-treated group, SI could inhibit the overexpression of p2l mRNA and protein,p27 protein induced by high glucose.

CONCLUSIONSI could inhibit hypertrophy of glomerular mesangial cells cultured in high glucose partly through inhibiting overexpressions of p2l mRNA, p21 and p27 protein.

Animals ; Cell Enlargement ; Cells, Cultured ; Culture Media ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; pharmacology ; Mesangial Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats

Objective To study the efficacy and complications of reconstruction of failed urethro-plasty for hypospadias with pedicle flap , bladder mucosa , buccal mucosa , and biological patch . Methods 23 patients were enrolled from Jul .2005 to Dec.2011.8 patients, with good local skin condition , were performed with pedicle flap urethroplasty .The other 15 patients, with bad local skin condition or with long segment urethral stricture , were performed with free grafts , including 6 bladder mucosa , 7 buccal muco-sal and 2 biological patch. Results Of the 23 cases, 7 cases were cured by one phase operation .There were 16 (16/25) cases had complications.3 (3/16) cases were failed because of serious infection (2 pedi-cle flap, 1 bladder mucosa ) .The failed cases were implemented with urethroplasty 6 months later by the buccal mucosa installments operation .4 (4/16) cases had solitary urethral fistula (1 pedicle flap, 2 bladder mucosa, and 1 buccal mucosal), who were successfully treated with simple fistula repair 3 to 6 months later. 9 ( 9/16) cases had urethral stricture ( 2 pedicle flap , 3 bladder mucosa , 3 buccal mucosal , and 1 biologi-cal patch graft ) , who were treated with urethral sound and got good result .We had reconstructed the urethra using mucosa graft onlay urethroplasty .All of the 23 patients were followed up with an average of 14.5 ( 6-24) months.23 cases were satisfied with the stretched penis , urination and no need to expand the urethra more than 6 months.3 cases were not satisfied with penile appearance .After communication, these patients did not require a further penis orthopedic surgery . Conclusions Pedicle flap, bladder mucosa , buccal mucosa and biological patch can be used in urethral repair and construction of failed urethroplasty for hypos -padias.Urethral sound dilation plays an important role in hypospadias repair .

Objective Comparison of clinical and pathological features of Henoch-Sch(o)nlein purpura nephritis with different proportions of crescent.Methods Patients with Henoch Schonlein nephritis diagnosed by renal biopsy in our hospital from 2012 to 2017 (proportions of crescent ＜ 50％)were enrolled and grouped according to the rate of crescent formation (A group:crescent formation rate ＜ 10％;B group:10％-24％;C group:＞ 24％-50％),their epidemiological,clinical manifestations,laboratory examination,clinicopathological features were compared.Results There was no significant difference between the three groups in sex,age and incidence of diabetes(P ＞ 0.05).The morbidity of hypertension in C group is higher than others (P ＜ 0.05).There were no different in the incidence of hematemesis,abdominal pain,joint pain in the three groups (P ＞0.05),while the incidence of edema and gross hematuria was significantly higher in group C than others.There were more patients had Nephritic syndrome (38.8％) in C group than the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in 24 h urinary protein,C-reactive protein (CRP),urine red blood cell,eosinophil granulocyte and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the 3 groups.The levels of serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen (BUN),and low density lipoprotein (LDL) increased significantly in group C,and the level of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albumin decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.05).The tubulointerstitial lesions,mesangial cell proliferation and deposition of C1q levels,C group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions In Henoch Sch(o)nlein purpura nephritis,with the increase of the proportion of the crescent body,the renal function and pathological changes of the kidney are gradually aggravated.Therefore,the crescent is important for the prognosis of Henoch Sch(o)nlein purpura nephritis.