Objective To explore diagnosis and operative treatment of primary cholecy stocarcinoma. Methods One hundred and thirty-six cases of biliary carcinoma were analysed for their clinical and pathological data and selection of the method of operation.Results The prognosis of late-staged cases was very bad.B-US and CT are still the most helpful means for clinical diagnosis.Conclusion The early diagnosis and treatment of primary cholecystocarcinoma are of utmost importance.

A series of medical equipment question is introduced including currency use, combination, digital function and whole efficiency. By using system theory, the thought and viewpoint were put forward that how to solve equipment classification, "three turn" design (generalization, modularization, serialization), informationization alteration and affixation etc. Some thoughs on development strategy of medical equipment and creative information condition of field battle can be referred and provided.

People′s misunderstandings about the radiological check in health examination: Equalize the price of the medical check equipment with the accuracy of the check .The health examinees′misunderstanding about the harm which X-Ray can cause , thinking that low dose chest CT only can do very little harm to human body .The health examination unit makes the rate of finding out early lung tumor a main basis of assessing a medical personnel ′s achievement , which caused medical staff go against epidemiological laws when diagnosing tiny nodules .Misun-derstandings about some biological features such as the scale or the growing speed of the nidus , and laying exces-sive importance on the check accuracy , which caused some examinees received excessive X -Ray, overdiagnosis and overtreatment .So, people must treat radiological check in health examination rationally and dialectically , in order to further realize the legitimation and rationalization of radiological check .

Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; pathology ; Humans ; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System ; drug effects ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Pituitary-Adrenal System ; drug effects ; Receptors, GABA-A ; drug effects ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; drug effects ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; drug effects ; Steroids ; pharmacology

Poisoning ; drug therapy ; Thallium ; toxicity

The paper mentioned that prevention of disease was a n independent subject in preventive medicine and expounded the definition, study contents, study methods, study targets and study scopes of the subject. The rel ationships and differences between prevention of disease and other subjects were discussed. The paper introduced advancements of study of this subject.

Biochemistry is one of the important basic courses for medical speciality.This article discussed the four aspects of how to improve the quality of biochemistry instruction,such as strengthening young teachers'sense of responsibility in teaching,and building up their professional knowledge training and so on.To young teachers,this paper may be useful for improving the quality of medical biochemistry teaching.

Objective To investigate the risk factors and treatment experience of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of Gugliemi detachable coil (GDC) embolization. Methods From August 2000 to June 2010,420 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) received GDC embolization and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed to analyse the risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of treatment. Results Sixteen patients had intraoperative aneurysm rupture, the incidence rate was 3.8%(16/420),including 13 cases density filling,3 cases partial filling postoperative.Univariate analysis showed:SAH episodes ≥2 times,tumor size ≤4 mm,the presence of pseudoaneurysm,Hunt-Hess grade Ⅳ - Ⅴ as well as history of hypertension were the risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture in the course of GDC embolization. Logistic regression analysis showed:SAH episodes ≥2 times (P = 0.0424,OR =6.798)and the presence of pseudoaneurysm (P = 0.0069, OR = 4.423) were the independent risk factors of cerebral aneurysms rupture. Conclusions Rupture of intracranial aneurysm in the course of GDC embolization is mainly related to the multiple SAH and the presence of pseudoaneurysm. It should be alert to the risk factors and take active treatment as soon as the occurrence of rupture in clinic work, for this, most patients can get a good prognosis.

As a part of the central nervous system,retina shares many characters of the brain,including many of the functions and dysfunctions of microglia.Microglia plays important roles in multiple inflammatory procedures and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system and retina.Retinal microglia is involved in ocular inflammatory,age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.These cells have also been identified in brain tumor and retinoblastoma.They can secrete various cytokines and growth factors that may contribute to the successful immune evasion and therefore promote the growth and invasion of tumor.To better understand the function of microglia is essential for us to develop the immune-based treatment strategies against central nervous system tumor and retinoblastoma.

Glaucoma is a degenerative disease of the retina and the optic nerve.The apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells is the pathological basis of glaucoma,but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Currently,a large number of studies in vivo and in vitro have demonstrated that retinal glial cells (including Müller cells,astrocytes and microglial cells) are closely related to the development of glaucoma.Retinal glial cells not only release active factors but also express various neurotransmitter receptors,ion channels,surface markers and effector molecules.Therefore,they are actively involved in neuronal information transmission in addition to the traditional view of the role of nutritional support for neurons.In glaucoma,retinal glial cells are activated to undergo a great number of changes in physiology,biochemistry and morphological features.These activated cells initiate different signaling cascades that may serve as a protective role.Meanwhile,they may release toxic factors to start or aggravate the damaging effects on retinal neurons.Usually,both effects occur in glaucoma in parallel,but the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways are still not clear.More research is needed to understand that how the retinal glial cells are able to rebuild the neuronal function after injury or to promote the neurodamage.With all these unresolved issues in mind,the progress in the study of the mechanism of Müller glial cells,microglial cells and astrocytes participating in the glaucomatous disease were reviewed.