Health economics is an important part of general education for medical students,but the traditional,professional-education-oriented health economics courses do not adapt to the requirements of medical students' general education,which makes it necessary to reconstruct the course based on the concept of general education.Firstly,the course target should be reestablished with the full implementation of general education concept.Secondly,the teaching contents should be comprehensively optimized with a substantial streamlining of traditional content system.Thirdly,the teaching methods should be improved in order to meet the demands of the target.Finally,according to the teaching practice,it is suggested that more effort should be put on the teaching ability of teachers,the mining of new methods and cases,and the construction of high quality teaching materials.

Objective:To explore the effect of costunolide on sensitivity of chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562/ADR to doxorubicin and its mechanism.Methods:K562/ADR cells in the logarithmic phase were used, and the cells were treated with different concentrations of costunolide, doxorubicin or costunolide combined with doxorubicin for 72 h. The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method, the cell proliferation rate was calculated, and the half inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of the two drugs was obtained. The cells were treated with 10 μmol/L costunolide, 10 μmol/L doxorubicin or costunolide combined with doxorubicin for 48 h, the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression level of p38-MAPK pathway related proteins was detected by Western blot. Results:The cell proliferation rate in the costunolide combined with doxorubicin group was lower than that in the corresponding concentration of the two drugs alone groups, and the differences were statistically significant both ( P < 0.05). The IC 50 of doxorubicin for K562/ADR cells was (13.50±0.86) μmol/L, and costunolide was (7.30±0.55) μmol/L ( t = 7.044, P = 0.002). The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of K562/ADR cells in the 10 μmol/L costunolide combined with 10 μmol/L doxorubicin group was higher than that of the blank control group, costunolide alone group and doxorubicin alone group, and the differences were statistically significant [(19.68±3.21)% vs. (2.96±0.87)%, (9.34±2.89)%, (9.18±2.13)%, all P<0.01]. Compared with the 10 μmol/L costunolide alone group and the 10 μmol/L doxorubicin alone group, the expression of the apoptosis inhibitor protein bcl-2 in the two-drug combination group was down-regulated, and the expressions of bad, p-p38, cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP proteins were up-regulated. Conclusion:Costunolide can enhance the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin on the proliferation of K562/ADR cells and promote doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, which may reverse the drug resistance of K562/ADR cells by regulating the p38-MAPK pathway.

Objective To observe the anatomy of the inferior right hepatic veins (IRHV).Methods The IRHVs were divided into 3 groups according to the location where they entered into the retrohepatic inferior vena cava at: the upper 1/3, middle or lower 1/3. The incidence, number, caliber, extrahepatic length and the relationship between the major hepatic veins (the right, middle and the left hepatic veins) and the IRHV were observed and measured in 60 adult cadavers. Results The incidence of IRHV was 83.33% with an average diameter of 2.62-18.46(14.32±1.21)mm. Its extrahepatic length was 3.26-47.65 (10.78±7.81)mm. There was a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and its number, a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein and a marked positive correlation between the number of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein. Conclusions There were high variations in the incidence and anatomy of the IRHV which were related to the diameter of the right hepatic vein. The IRHV was not to be torn during liver resection and should be reconstructed in right liver grafts.

To improve the quality of clinical teaching of plastic surgery for foreign students at different levels,we think that good teaching result will be got by applying English teaching for whole range,attaching importance to the selection and cultivation of the teaching staff,establishing individualized teaching program and compiling suitable material,and sticking to trial teaching before class,collective discussion and flexible teaching methods.

From July 1997 to March 2000, internal fixation of posterior transpedicular screw system and posterolateral autograft bone graft fusion procedures were used in 25 patients suffering from Pott's paraplegia in our department. 17 of them were involved in a longitudinal study and followed up for a mean of 2(1 5～4)years postoperatively. The beginning of neurologic recovery was during the first 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively in 16 patients. 9 were completely recovered,7 were partly recovered 6 months postoperatively. At final follow up, 2 of the 7 patients were completely recovered, 5 had significant improvement of one grade(2 patients) or two (3 patients) according to ASIA Grades. It is concluded that internal fixation of posterior transpedicular screw system and posterolateral autograft bone graft fusion procedures were found to be helpful in strengthening the stability of the spine in spinal tuberculosis, providing successfu recovery of paraplegia and preventing the recurrence of paraplegia.

The protective effect of selenium (So) on the subacute cardiomyopathy was investigated in the mouse given a single dose of adriamycin (ADR 17. 5mg/kg ip). Se pretreatment (80?g/kg?10 ip) produced protection against the ADR-induced early myocardial damage associated with increased permcability of cell membranes as evidenced by apparent D- PAS (diastase- periodic acid-Schiff) staining material noted in the sarcolemma. The protective effect of Se could be partially explained as the detoxication of lipid peroxides via the action of enhanced cardiac Se-glutathione peroxidase.

Objective To introduce the operative procedure of prosthetic disc nucleus(PDN)re-placement and investigate its clinical effectiveness in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.Methods Nine cases of lumbar disc herniation were treated with PDN replacement from March2002to April2002.There were6males and3females,the average age of the patients was33.4years ranging from22to48years.The interval between the onset of the symptoms and the diagnosis was averagely18.4months,ranging from8months to3.6years.All of the patients were evaluated by anteroposterior and lateral radiography,computer-ized tomography and,if necessary,magnetic resonance imaging.The low back pain was predomi nant in two patients,the low back pain associated with radicular leg pain in6patients.The height of disc space became narrowed in varying grade.The operated level was at L 4-5 in6patients,L 5 S 1 in3patients.The standard pos-terior approach was used in8patients;the anterior lateral retroperitoneal approach was adopted in1patient.8cases were implanted with a single PDN,and1case with a couple of PDNs.Results All patients were followed up12to13months(average12.3months).The estimated intraoperative blood loss ranged from50to150ml (mean120ml ),and the total operation time ranged from45to120min(mean60min).The patients wore a brace for the first6weeks.Based on Oswestry low back pain and dis ability scores,the clinical successful rate was88.9%.The average percentage of the postoperative to preoperative disc height was128%.The slight displacement of PDN was observed in2patients,however there was no change of lumbar spinal mo bility.1patient had a bad recovery of back and leg pain.Conclusion PDN re placement can improve clinic symptoms,increase disc height and restore the normal lumbar motion as well.Its clinical effectiveness is excellent in short-term observation.

Because the exact pathological mechanism underlying hypertrophic scars and keloids is unknown,there are a great number of treatment modalities, but it is unsatisfactory for the effect of treatment for the pathological scar.The vast array of treatment modalities for hypertrophic scars and keloids described by literature,whose treatmetn effects are varied and none of them is universally accepted in permanent hypertrophic scars and keloids ablation,are reviewed in this article in order to afford a reference for clinic medico.

This article provides a brief description of systematics on Morchella ,and reviews the advances of molecular systematics on Morchella over the world.

miRNAs are a group of 22 ~25 nucleotides endogenous non-coding RNAs,which regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level by cause the degradation or translational suppression of target mR-NAs.In recent years,studies have demonstrated that miRNAs widely participate in cell differentiation,prolifera-tion,organ development and lipid metabolism,and are closely related to the formation of many kinds of diseases. The biological function of miRNAs and their effects on regulating prenatal and postnatal lung development are reviewed in this paper.