The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Gastroesophageal reflux disease （GERD） is a frequently and commonly occurring disease in clinic. In recent decades， with the development in pathophysiology and drug researches， modern medicine has achieved remarkable progress and results in diagnosis and treatment. However， the treatments for non-erosive reflux disease， refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease， proton pump inhibitor resistance， overlap of disease symptoms， and extraesophageal symptoms are limited and ineffective. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） was widely used in clinical practice， which has been proved effective in relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life. Sponsored by China Association of Chinese Medicine （CACM） and undertaken by the Spleen and Stomach Disease Branch of CACM， "the 12^th Youth Salon of Clinical Predominance Disease Series （GERD）" invited 18 authoritative digestive experts of TCM and western medicine to discuss "the difficulties of clinical diagnosis and treatment of GERD and TCM advantages". The focus issues such as modern medical diagnosis and treatment achievements and contributions， improvement and maintenance of symptoms， response to overlapping disease symptoms， reduction and withdrawal of acid suppressors， and treatment of extra-esophageal symptoms were discussed in depth. TCM and western medicine exchanged and complemented each other's strengths， combing the difficulties of modern medical diagnosis and treatment， which clarified the positioning and advantages of TCM and provided guidance for clinical and scientific research.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of urethrovesical anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Methods:The clinical data of 292 patients who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in the Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University from January to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether there was anastomotic leakage, the patients were divided into leakage group (27 cases) and non-leakage group (265 cases). There were no significant differences in age [(71.5±6.5) years vs. (70.2±6.4) years], body mass index [(24.5±3.6) kg/m 2 vs. (24.2±3.0) kg/m 2], prostate volume[40(27.3, 63.2)ml vs. 38(28.1, 56.2)ml], Gleason score, clinical stage, and risk classification between the leakage group and the non-leakage group ( P>0.05), but the total prostate-specific antigen in the leakage group was significantly higher than that in the non-leakage group[20.0 (9.6, 79.0) ng/ml vs. 13.7 (8.5, 25.0) ng/ml, P=0.049]. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match the above indicators between the leakage group and the non-leakage group as 1∶1, so that the baseline of the two groups was balanced. The perioperative indicators of the matched two groups of patients were compared and analyzed. Statistically significant indicators were selected and included in univariate and multivariate logistic regression to analyze the risk factors of anastomotic leakage after radical prostatectomy. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The accuracy of each factor in predicting urine leakage was obtained. Results:After PSM, 24 cases were successfully matched. The leakage group had shorter membranous urethral length (MUL) [(15.5±2.2)mm vs. (17.5±1.5)mm, P<0.001], thinner membranous urethral wall thickness (UWT) [(9.5±1.9)mm vs. (10.6±1.5)mm, P=0.024], longer anastomotic time of urethrovesical neck[(21.6±4.1)min vs. (16.9±2.9)min, P<0.001] and higher failure rate of water injection test [16.7% (4/24) vs. 4.2% (1/24), P=0.045] than the non-leakage group. There was no significant difference in other indicators between the two groups. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that short MUL ( OR=0.544, 95% CI 0.335-0.884, P=0.014), narrow UWT ( OR=0.538, 95% CI 0.313-0.924, P=0.025) and long anastomotic time of urethrovesical neck ( OR=1.519, 95% CI 1.122-2.110, P=0.009) were independent risk factors for anastomotic urine leakage. ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of MUL, UWT, and anastomotic time were 0.789 (95% CI 0.651-0.927), 0.715 (95% CI 0.562-0.868), and 0.842 (95% CI 0.731-0.953), respectively. Conclusions:Narrow and short membranous urethra and long anastomosis time in patients with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy may be independent risk factors for postoperative anastomotic leakage, which may predict the occurrence of anastomotic leakage.

Objective:To investigate the characteristics of distribution and drug resistance of urinary bacteria in the mid-stream urine of patients with infectious stones.Methods:The retrospective study analyzed the clinical data of 254 patients with infectious stones in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from September 2016 to September 2018. All patients were treated with PCNL. Overall, there were 101 male and 153 female patients, with the mean age of(51.5±12.3) years, and the mean stone burden of 1443.5(660.8, 2837.5) mm2. There were 58 (22.8%) patients with hypertension, 17(6.7%) patients with diabetes and 195(76.8%)with hydronephrosis. The mid-stream urine samples were obtained for bacterial culture and susceptibility test, and the results of urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility were recorded and analyzed.Results:Of 254 patients involved in this study, 89(35.0%) were positive and 165 (65.0%) were negative for urinary bacterial culture of the mid-stream. The proportion of patients with positive urine bacterial culture of the mid-stream who had positive urine leucocytes, positive urine nitrite and postoperative pyrexia were 86.5%(77/89), 64.0%(57/89), 25.8%(23/89), respectively, which was higher than that of patients with negative urine bacterial culture of the mid-stream [50.3%(83/165), 14.5%(24/165), 14.5%(24/165), P<0.05]. Four teen kinds of bacteria were detected from the mid-stream urine, and the three bacteria with the highest detection rate in turn were Escherichia coli of 38.2%(34/89), Proteus mirabilis of 15.7%(14/89), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa of 11.2%(10/89). The results of this study showed that three common bacteria had high resistance to drug including Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Cefuroxime ester, Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole (all resistance rate>40%). The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin were higher than or equal to 40%. The resistance rates of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis to meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin were all lower than 10%. In addition, the resistance rates of Escherichia coli to nitrofurantoin and tigecycline and Proteus mirabilis to tobramycin, aztreonam and cefoxitin were all less than 10%. The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin and aztreonam were less than 10%. Conclusions:The highest detection rate of urinary bacteria in culture of the mid-stream with infectious stones are Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all of which showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, and some cephalosporins. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showe high resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin, and all of the three bacteria have low resistance rates to some β-Lactamase inhibitor complex and carbapenems, suggesting a reference for clinical empirical medical treatment.

Alternative polyadenylation(APA)is a crucial step in post-transcriptional regulation.Previous bioinformatic studies have mainly focused on the recognition of polyadenylation sites(PASs)in a given genomic sequence,which is a binary classification problem.Recently,computa-tional methods for predicting the usage level of alternative PASs in the same gene have been pro-posed.However,all of them cast the problem as a non-quantitative pairwise comparison task and do not take the competition among multiple PASs into account.To address this,here we propose a deep learning architecture,Deep Regulatory Code and Tools for Alternative Polyadenylation(DeeReCT-APA),to quantitatively predict the usage of all alternative PASs of a given gene.To accommodate different genes with potentially different numbers of PASs,DeeReCT-APA treats the problem as a regression task with a variable-length target.Based on a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory(CNN-LSTM)architecture,DeeReCT-APA extracts sequence features with CNN layers,uses bidirectional LSTM to explicitly model the interactions among com-peting PASs,and outputs percentage scores representing the usage levels of all PASs of a gene.In addition to the fact that only our method can quantitatively predict the usage of all the PASs within a gene,we show that our method consistently outperforms other existing methods on three different tasks for which they are trained:pairwise comparison task,highest usage prediction task,and rank-ing task.Finally,we demonstrate that our method can be used to predict the effect of genetic variations on APA patterns and sheds light on future mechanistic understanding in APA regulation.

Objective:To explore the potential of Taenia solium (Ts) 14-3-3.3 protein as a candidate molecule for cysticercosis vaccine. Methods:Sixty Kunming mice with the body weight of 18 - 22 g were selected and divided into 3 groups according to their body weight via the random number table method, including normal saline control group (control group), Ts14-3-3.3 recombinant protein vaccine group (vaccine group), and Ts14-3-3.3 recombinant protein vaccine + adjuvant group (vaccine + adjuvant group), with 20 mice in each group. The multi-point subcutaneous injection method was adopted. After the first immunization at 0 week, the booster immunization was carried out twice, a total of 3 times, with an interval of 2 weeks. Four mice in the three groups were killed at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after the first immunization, and the blood of eyeballs and spleen were collected aseptically for serum separation and preparation of spleen lymphocytes suspension [treatment: cell suspension, antigen-stimulate and concanavalin (Con) A-stimulate], respectively. The levels of mouse serum specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgG2a, IgG1 and IgE were detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proliferation level of mouse spleen lymphocytes was detected via the CCK-8 method. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in culture supernatant of mouse spleen lymphocytes were determined by double-antibody sandwich ELISA.Results:The IgG, IgG2a, and IgG1 levels of the vaccine and vaccine + adjuvant groups immunized for 2 to 8 weeks were higher than those of the control group, and the above indicators of the vaccine + adjuvant group were higher than those of the vaccine group ( P < 0.05). With the same treatment between the groups, the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13, and IL-10 in the culture supernatant after 2 - 8 weeks of immunization were statistically significantly different ( P < 0.05); the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in the culture supernatant of the vaccine and vaccine + adjuvant groups immunized for 2 to 8 weeks were higher than those of the control group, and the above indicators of the vaccine + adjuvant group were higher than those of the vaccine group ( P < 0.05). When treatment was different in the group, the proliferation levels of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-13 and IL-10 in the culture supernatant of the antigen-stimulate and ConA-stimulate were higher than those of the cell suspension, and the above indicators of the ConA-stimulate were higher than those of the antigen-stimulate ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:The recombinant protein vaccine of Ts14-3-3.3 can induce an effective immune response in mice.

Objective:To observe the effect of early temperature control on the prognosis of brain injury patients after severe carbon monoxide poisoning (COP).Methods:A total of 277 patients hospitalized with severe COP were randomly divided into a fever group ( n=78), a normal temperature group ( n=113) and a mild hypothermia group ( n=86). All were given hyperbaric oxygen therapy and any necessary supportive treatment. The mild hypothermia group were kept in a room at 34 to 35℃. Evaluation was with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), version II of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE), the Hasegawa dementia scale (HDS) and the mini mental state examination (MMSE). The incidence of delayed encephalopathy (DEACMP) and mortality were compared among the three groups. The bispectral index (BIS) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels were correlated with DEACMP. Results:After the treatments, improvement was observed in multiple indexes of all three groups compared with before the treatment. Compared with the fever group, the average GCS of the mild hypothermia group was significantly higher on the 2nd, 4th, 8th and 31st day after the intervention. It was significantly higher than the normal temperature group′s averages on the 4th, 8th and 31st day. The average APACHE scores of the normal temperature and the mild hypothermia groups were significantly lower than the fever group′s average, with that of the mild hypothermia group significantly lower than that of the normal group. The average HDS scores of the normal temperature and mild hypothermia groups were significantly higher than the fever group′s average, with that of the mild hypothermia group significantly higher than that of the normal group. The average MMSE score of the mild hypothermia group was significantly improved after 7 days, one month and three months of treatment. That of the normal group showed significant improvement after one and three months, but the mild hypothermia group′s averages were superior. Compared with the fever group, the average BIS score of the mild hypothermia group was significantly better after one, three and seven days, and one month. This was true for the normal group beyond three days after the intervention. The average NSE concentration of the normal group after 7 days and one month was significantly lower than that of the fever group. For the mild hypothermia group this was true after only 3 days. Compared with the other two groups, the average coma time, incidence of DEACMP and nervous system injury were significantly lower in the hypothermia group. The average GCS, BIS and NSE values were closely related to the occurrence of DEACMP.Conclusions:Early temperature control can significantly reduce the severity of brain injury after COP and reduce the incidence of neurological sequelae. Early dynamic detection of GCS, NSE concentration and BIS is of great significance for predicting the incidence of DEACMP.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional measurement in the study of jaw stability in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion after orthognathic surgery, and to analysis the jaw relapse of risk factors.Methods:Patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion who underwent bimaxillary surgery in Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, from July 2019 to December 2019 were included. CT data at 1 week preoperative (T0), 3 days after surgery (T1), and 6-12 months after surgery (T2) were collected respectively. The 3D model was constructed by 3D Slicer, and the movement of maxilla and mandible after surgery was measured by Geomagic Qualify. The paired student t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Pearson correlation was performed in this study. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:A total of 15 patients were included, including 5 males and 10 females. The age is from 18 to 25 year old. The average age is 21.3. In horizontal direction, the RGo coordinate has significant difference between T1[(-50.47±4.44) mm] and T2[(-50.06±4.66) mm] ( t=2.948, P=0.011), while all other landmarks have no significantly statistic difference. In the anteroposterior direction, there were significant differences for all maxillary landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P< 0.05). The relapse rates at point of A, Rp, Lp, RMF and LMF were 37.7 %(1.36/3.61), 35.7%(1.15/3.22), 25.4%(0.84/3.31), 26.9%(0.84/3.12), 14.0%(0.41/2.92), respectively. There were significant differences in all mandibular landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P<0.01). The relapse rates at point of B, Pog, Gn, Me, RGo and LGo were respectively 36.9%(1.75/4.74), 53.9%(2.45/4.55), 55.5%(2.72/4.90), 61.7%(2.90/4.70), 85.3%(2.20/2.58), 93.4%(2.40/2.57). The distance of skeletal relapse movement was significantly correlated with the surgery-induced distance ( r: 0.572-0.736, P<0.05). In the vertical direction, there was no significant difference of maxillary landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P > 0.05). For B, Pog, Gn and Me points, there were statistically significant differences ( P< 0.01). From T1 to T2, the mandible has tendency of counter-clockwise rotation. Conclusions:The three-dimensional measurement can accurately reflect the three-dimensional changes of jaw in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion after bimaxillary surgery. No significantly statistic relapse was in horizontal direction, while obvious relapse was occurred in anteroposterior directions. The counter-clockwise rotation of mandible was shown in vertical direction.

Objective:To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional measurement in the study of jaw stability in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion after orthognathic surgery, and to analysis the jaw relapse of risk factors.Methods:Patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion who underwent bimaxillary surgery in Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, from July 2019 to December 2019 were included. CT data at 1 week preoperative (T0), 3 days after surgery (T1), and 6-12 months after surgery (T2) were collected respectively. The 3D model was constructed by 3D Slicer, and the movement of maxilla and mandible after surgery was measured by Geomagic Qualify. The paired student t-test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Pearson correlation was performed in this study. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:A total of 15 patients were included, including 5 males and 10 females. The age is from 18 to 25 year old. The average age is 21.3. In horizontal direction, the RGo coordinate has significant difference between T1[(-50.47±4.44) mm] and T2[(-50.06±4.66) mm] ( t=2.948, P=0.011), while all other landmarks have no significantly statistic difference. In the anteroposterior direction, there were significant differences for all maxillary landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P< 0.05). The relapse rates at point of A, Rp, Lp, RMF and LMF were 37.7 %(1.36/3.61), 35.7%(1.15/3.22), 25.4%(0.84/3.31), 26.9%(0.84/3.12), 14.0%(0.41/2.92), respectively. There were significant differences in all mandibular landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P<0.01). The relapse rates at point of B, Pog, Gn, Me, RGo and LGo were respectively 36.9%(1.75/4.74), 53.9%(2.45/4.55), 55.5%(2.72/4.90), 61.7%(2.90/4.70), 85.3%(2.20/2.58), 93.4%(2.40/2.57). The distance of skeletal relapse movement was significantly correlated with the surgery-induced distance ( r: 0.572-0.736, P<0.05). In the vertical direction, there was no significant difference of maxillary landmarks between T1 with T2 ( P > 0.05). For B, Pog, Gn and Me points, there were statistically significant differences ( P< 0.01). From T1 to T2, the mandible has tendency of counter-clockwise rotation. Conclusions:The three-dimensional measurement can accurately reflect the three-dimensional changes of jaw in patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion after bimaxillary surgery. No significantly statistic relapse was in horizontal direction, while obvious relapse was occurred in anteroposterior directions. The counter-clockwise rotation of mandible was shown in vertical direction.

This study aimed to obtain the first national estimate of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Chinese children. We targeted the population of 6 to 12-year-old children for this prevalence study by multistage convenient cluster sampling. The Modified Chinese Autism Spectrum Rating Scale was used for the screening process. Of the target population of 142,086 children, 88.5% (n = 125,806) participated in the study. A total of 363 children were confirmed as having ASD. The observed ASD prevalence rate was 0.29% (95% CI: 0.26%-0.32%) for the overall population. After adjustment for response rates, the estimated number of ASD cases was 867 in the target population sample, thereby achieving an estimated prevalence of 0.70% (95% CI: 0.64%-0.74%). The prevalence was significantly higher in boys than in girls (0.95%; 95% CI: 0.87%-1.02% versus 0.30%; 95% CI: 0.26%-0.34%; P < 0.001). Of the 363 confirmed ASD cases, 43.3% were newly diagnosed, and most of those (90.4%) were attending regular schools, and 68.8% of the children with ASD had at least one neuropsychiatric comorbidity. Our findings provide reliable data on the estimated ASD prevalence and comorbidities in Chinese children.