Liver transplantation,the most effective therapeutic way to the treatment of end-stage hepatopathy,has been widely used in clinical practice,but the complication,ischemic type biliary lesions has been considered the crucial factor influencing the long-term survival and quality of life of patient.In this article,we review the mechanism and the progressions of biliary lesions induced by liver I/R in recent years.

Objective To explore the effect of intrahepatic injection of liposome-mediated VEGF plasmid on ischemia-reper-fusion liver injury and its mechanism. Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into normal group, ischemia-reperfusion group and recombinant VEGF therapy group( liposome-mediated transfer of VEGF plasmid into liver via portal vein 20 min before ischemia of liver). The model of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury was established. Liver function and the activity of SOD.XO in blood were determined at the 0,2nd,6th,12th,and 24th h after operation. RT-PCR technique was applied to detect the expression level of Fas mRNA in liver tissues of every group,and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis rate at the 6th h after operation. At the 24th h after operation,all rabbits were killed and liver tissues of ischemia were taken to make pathological sections for observing the morphology and microstructure under the light microscopy and electron microscopy. ResuJts The level of ALT in recombinant VEGF therapy group was markedly reduced as compared with ischemia-reperfusion group at the 6th,12th,and 24th h after operation( P<0. 05). The activity of SOD in recombinant VEGF therapy group was significantly higher than in ischemia-reperfusion group at the 6th, 12th,and 24th h after operation. The activity of XO in recombinant VEGF therapy group was significantly lower than that in ischemia-reperfusion group at the 6th,12th,and 24th h after operation(P< 0. 05 or P<0. 01). In addition,there was significant difference in the expression of Fas mRNA and cell apoptosis rate between recombinant VEGF therapy group and ischemia-reperfusion group(P<0. 01). The injury of hepatocytes in recombinant VEGF therapy group was significantly alleviated as compared with that in ischemia-reperfusion group under the light microscopy and e-lectron microscopy. Conclusion Liposome-mediated transfer of VEGF plasmid into liver before ischemia of liver can obviously protect hepatocytes by increasing anti-oxidative ability, decreasing the expression of Fas mRNA, and finally inhibiting hepato-cyte apoptosis.

Objective To explore the curative effects of microsurgical clearance for supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods A retrospective analysis of clinical data of 30 cases of supratentorial hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in our hospital from January 2010 to January 2013 was carried out. According to the head CT images, the position of incision was determined. Under orotracheal intubation general anesthesia, a bone flap craniotomy was performed. A cortex fistula 2-3 cm in length was made. Then by using an automatic retraction device, the hematoma was revealed from the shallower to the deeper, and microscopic clearance of hematoma was completed. Results All the 30 cases of operation were successful. Re-examination of head CT scans on the first postoperative day showed hematoma was completely removed in 14 cases, was 90%cleared in 11 cases, and 80%in 5 cases. Four patients died within 4 weeks after operation (13.3%):2 patients died of cerebral hernia caused by brainstem function failure, 1 patient died of lung infection, and 1 patient died of multiple organ failure. The postoperative survival rate was 86.7%.The ADL grade assessment 3 months after operation showed gradeⅠin 7 cases, grade Ⅱin 9 cases, grade Ⅲin 6 cases, grade Ⅳ in 3 cases, and grade Ⅴin 1 case. Conclusion Microscopic hematoma clearance and open haemostatic intervention has advantages of little brain tissue damage, good haemostatic results, and satisfactory efficacy.

Objective To explore and analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment strategy of severe complications caused by childrenˊs foreign bodies in esophagus.Methods The clinical data of 71 ca-ses of esophageal foreign bodies in children with ENT admitted to our hospital were analyzed retrospectively from Jan 2009 to Dec 2014.Results Esophageal foreign bodies in children with 71 cases,of whom 42 males and 29 females;aged from 2 months to 14 years old,highest incidence of 1 to 3 years old.Foreign bodies in esophagus lasted 2 h to 15 d.Ingestion of metallic foreign bodies in 43 cases,12 cases of plant-based foreign body,9 cases of animal foreign bodies,7 cases of chemical foreign bodies.Foreign bodies located in the upper esophageal was 51 cases,9 cases of the middle and 7 cases of the under section,3 cases of esophageal en-trance,1 case of falling into the stomach.In children with 71 cases,9 cases had complications,69 cases were cured,improved in two cases,and the cure rate was 97.2%,the average healing time was 4 d.Conclusion Early diagnosis and treatment,avoid esophageal perforation are the key to avoid the emergence of the compli-cations in children with esophageal foreign bodies,timely and accurate treatment of esophageal perforation and other complications are the effective measures to improve the cure rate.

BACKGROUND: Dlx gene family is highly expressed in the cranial neural crest cells, and regulates the cranial neural crest cel migration and differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism that the highly-expressed Dlx genes mediate the cranial neural crest cel migration and differentiation. METHODS: An online search of CNKI and Medline databases was performed for articles published before 2013 using keywords of “cranial neural crest cells, migration of cranial neural crest cells, Dlx, Dlx overexpression, Fgf, chodrogenesis, osteogenesis” in Chinese and English, respectively. Relevant articles were summarized from three aspects: the migration of cranial neural crest cells, Dlx over-expression’s impact on the migration of cranial neural crest cells, interaction between the environment and Dlx genes. A total of 63 articles were included. According to inclusion criteria, 43 articles were retained at last. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Dlx abnormal-expression wil lead to cel -cel adhesion. Dlx over-expression wil induce most of the cranial neural crest cells aggregate and migrate to a wrong place, and result in skeletal dysmorphology. Dlx over-expression wil also lead to ectopic chondrogenesis, and the interaction between cel factors can be the possible reason for this.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in the treatment of gallstones complicated with common bile duct stones. Methods A total of 36 cases of gallstones complicated with common bile duct stones were enclosed. First EST was performed to remove the bile duct stones. Then LC was applied to resect the gallbladder. Results EST was successfully performed in 34 cases (94.4%) and failed in 2 cases because of the terminal stricture of the bile duct that was afterwards cured by an open choledochojejunostomy. LC was performed following EST in 34 cases, 32 of which were successful (94.1%) and 2 of which required a conversion to open surgery. Conclusions EST combined with LC is the best way for treating gallstones complicated with common bile duct stones. The biliary stricture mainly accounts for the failure of EST and should be treated by choledochojejunostomy as the first choice.

OBJECTIVEThis study evaluates piezosurgery for surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) under local anesthesia.

METHODSSARME was performed on adults with maxillary transverse deficiency under local anesthesia with a piezosurgical device. Fourteen patients (six males and eight females) underwent lateral maxillary osteotomies, midpalatal osteotomies, and bilateral pterygomaxillary disjunction. The feelings of patients during the operation were determined through questionnaires.

RESULTSAll patients underwent SARME in the out-patient operating room. The surgical procedures were completed under local anesthesia. All patients exhibited satisfactory tolerance. Ultrasonic bone-cutting surgery was recently introduced as a feasible alternative to the conventional tools of cranio-maxillofacial surgery for its technical characteristics of precision and safety. The device used was unique in that cutting action occurred when the tool was employed on mineralized tissues, but stoped on soft tissues. The results of the questionnaires showed that eight (57.14%) patients felt a mild sensation of ultrasonic vibration, tweleve (85.7 1%) felt mild tolerable pain and tooth soreness during surgery, and eleven (78.57%) felt little fear and hardly heard the ultrasonic sound. Preoperative and postoperative six months later measurements showed an evident effect of expansion.

CONCLUSIONPiezosurgery enabled patients to undergo all the steps of SARME under local anesthesia, but more cases and longer follow-up are needed to verif ' the results.

Objective To investigate the correlation between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene 3 '-untranslated region rs4846049 G/T polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population. Methods A total of 396 patients with ischemic stroke and 378 healthy subjects (control group ) were selected using a case-control study design. Large artery atherosclerosis and small artery occlusion in the case group were 268 and 128 cases, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and the direct sequencing method were used to detect MTHFR gene rs4846049 G/T polymorphism. Results As compared to the GG genotype, the TT genotype significantly increased the risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR] 2. 87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1. 43-5. 76;P=0. 003). Compared with G allele, T allele significantly increased the risk of the disease (OR 1. 62, 95% OR 1. 28-2. 06; P< 0. 001 ). Subgroup analyses showed that the rs4846049 G/T polymorphism could significantly increase the onset risks of LAA and SAO subtype stroke (all P<0.05). Conclusions MTHFR gene rs4846049 G/T polymorphism may be associated with the increased susceptibility to ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population. The T allele may be a genetic risk factor for ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: Deficit of nivalenol (NIV) and selenium (Se) is related with kashin-beck disease (KBD) to certain extent. Hyaluronic acid (HA) metabolism affects directly the polymerization of proteoglycans (PG) and normal structure and function of cartilage. The integration with HA receptor on surface of cartilage tissue is the key link in HA metabolism. Being the main receptor of HA on chondrocytic membrane, CD44 expression impacts directly HA metabolism, further affects cartilage matrix metabolism, which is extremely important to maintaining the structure and function of cartilage matrix.OBJECTIVE: To probe into the injury and protection of related etiology of KBD to target tissue cells and the mechanism on degenerative necrosis of chondrocytes.DESIGN: Randomized controlled observation was designed.SETTING: Department of Genetics and Molecular-Biology of Medical College of Xi' an Jiaotong University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Key Laboratory Room on Ministry of Education associated with Environment and Disease of Xian Jiaotong University from October 2002 to July 2004. One New Zealand pedigree young rabbit aged 30 days was employed and its humerus, femurs and tibia were cut out in surgery.METHODS: With cell culture, the model of bone tissue was reconstructed in vitro, in which, NIV of various concentrations, KBD suspicious infectious agent and Se, the protective factor were added. HA receptor CD44 on chondrocytic membrane and soluble CD44 in cell culture solution were determined.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Microscopic observation of adhesion molecule CD44 on chondrocytic surface. ② Soluble CD44 in chongrocytic culture solution.RESULTS: ① Microscopic observation of adhesion molecule CD44 on chondrocytic surface: CD expression in chondrocytic membrane was decreased with increasing of NIV concentration and it was in tendency of increasing with Se added. ② Soluble CD44 in chongrocytic culture solution:The concentration of soluble CD44 in cell culture solution was decreased gradually following the increased concentration of NIV, but it was increased in high concentration group and such tendency did not alter when Se added. Except blank control and Se control, significant difference was presented among groups (P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: NIV disturbs adhesion molecule CD44 expression on chondrocytic surface and further induces metabolic disturbance of cartilage extracellular matrix. Se supplementation can resist the injury of NIV to chondrocytes, but its action is limited.

Bilateral mandibular first molars of 36 rabbits were extracted.The tooth extraction wounds were treated by:platelet-rich fibrin +acellular dermal matrix(group A),platelet-rich fibrin(group B),acellular dermal matrix (group C) and without treatment (group D,the control) (n =9) respectively.The measurments of alveolar bone height and width showed that there were no significant differences among groups at different times(P ＞ 0.05).Bone histomorphometry showed that at the 2th and 4th week,the best result was found in group A(P＜0.01).While,at the 8th week,the result of group A was still better than that of other 3 ones (P ＜ 0.01),but group B and C showed no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05).The combination of PRF and ADM shows the most significant effect.