Objective To explore the risk factors of lung cancer in rural area. Methods A 1∶1 matched case_control study was conducted in 106 individuals in Heilongjiang province. Results The amount of passive smoking (OR:2.48,95%CI:1.51～4.08),history of mental scar (OR:4.63,95%CI:1.51～14.15), smoking from Kang (OR:1.69,95%CI:1.10～2.59), smoking indexes (OR:1.75,95%CI:1.10～2.79) and chronic bronchitis (OR:4.67,95%CI:1.12～19.49) had a closely correlation with lung cancer in rural area.Conclusions Lung cancer might be caused by multiple factors synergetically.The main countermeasures for controlling lung cancer were to give up smoking and to improve the conditions of heatable brick bed and heating method.

Objective:To prepare PLGA nanoparticles modified with folic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide containing pa-clitaxel (F-CS-PLGA-NPs) and study the inhibitory effect on SKOV-3. Methods:F-CS-PLGA-NPs were prepared by an interface dep-osition method, 30% ethanol was used as the release medium for the in vitro release profiles of nanoparticles, and MTT was adopted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel with different formulations and concentrations on SKOV-3. Results:The particle size and zeta potential of F-CS-PLGA-NPs was (321 ± 0. 76) nm and (22. 6 ± 0. 26) mV, respectively, the drug loading was (5. 1 ± 0. 25)%, and the encapsulation efficiency was (41. 96 ± 1. 96)%. F-CS-PLGA-NPs had a similar in vitro release profiles with the ordinary nanoparti-cles ( PLGA-NPs) . About 35% of paclitaxel was released from the nanoparticles in the initial 24 h, and then a near zero order release at a relative slow rate was shown, and the cumulative release rate in 144 h was about 75%. The results of cell experiments suggested that at the same paclitaxel concentration, the inhibition effect of F-CS-PLGA-NPs group was stronger than that of the PLGA-NPs group and the solution group. The inhibition effect of F-CS-PLGA-NPs could be reduced by free folic acid. Conclusion:PLGA nanoparticles modified with folic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide can increase the targeting efficiency in SKOVS-3 tumor cells.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the matrix formulation and preparation technological parameters of Compound Bingjia Cream. METHODS:To prepare water phase and oil phase matrix solutions respectively,and then the former was added into the lat-ter and well mixed together. The matrix formulation was optimized with the overall scores of appearance,high temperature,low temperature and oil and water stratification after centrifugal test as the evaluated indexes. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content of metronidazole. Gas chromatography was adopted to determine the content of borneol. With the matrix temperature at the time of adding the main drug mixture,matrix quantity,emulsification method and emulsification time as observed factors,and the overall scores of metronidazole content,borneol content and the overall scores of preparation(the overall scores of appearance and stability tests) as the observed indexes,L9(34) orthogonal test was designed to optimize the preparation technological parameters of Compound Bingjia cream and verification for technology was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal oil phase matrix formulation was as follows as cetanol of 10 g,glyceryl monostearate of 16 g,stearic acid of 20 g,albolene of 8 g, while the optimal water oil matrix formulation as triethanolamine of 2 g,glycerinum of 24 g. The optimal preparation technological parameters were the matrix temperature of 50℃at the time of adding the main drug mixture,matrix of 300 g,emulsification meth-od of colloid emulsification,emulsification time of 30 min,where metronidazole content was 1.83%,borneol content 2.88%. The results of 3 verification tests showed the overall scores were all 25,with metronidazole content of 2.1%,2.1%,2.2%(RSD=2.71%,n=3),borneol content of 3.2%,3.3%,3.1%(RSD=3.12%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal matrix formulation and technological parameters of the preparation are stable and feasible,and suitable for mass production.

Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the applicative effects of immune-enhanced enteral nutrition(Supportan) in preoperative preparation for patients with colorectal carcinoma.Methods:56 colorectal carcinoma patients with mid-severe malnutrition were randomly divided into two groups,experiment group and control group,each of 23.Experiment group was administrated with immune-enhanced enteral nutrition(Supportan).Control group was administrated with common enteral nutrition(Nutrison Fibre).Nutritional status,immunological function,inflammatory factor and the satisfaction of colon were observed.Results:After enteral nutrition,the plasma albumin,prealbumin,IgG,IgM,CD4+ T cells and the ratio of CD4+/ CD8+ were higher in experiment group than in control group and TNF-?,IL-6 and PGE2 were lower in experiment group than in control group.Conclusions:Immune-enhanced enteral nutrition(supportan) can improve nutritional status,strengthen immunological function,and decrease inflammatory reaction in the colorectal carcinoma patients with mid-severe malnutrition.

Objective To construct a nomogram for estimating disease free survival of node-positive penile cancer treated with surgery.MethodsThe clinicopathological data of 32 node-positive penile squamous cell carcinoma patients were retrospectively reviewed.All patients had undergone primary tumor excision and regional lymphadenectomy.The pathological records showed that 10 were N1,13 were N2 and 9 were N3.Median level of preoperative squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg) was O.9 μg/L.With a median follow-up of 16.5 months,13 patients developed recurrence.Based on the stage,histological grade and preoperative serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen level,a nomogram was drawn on the basis of the Cox regression model.Results Stage and preoperative serum SCCAg levels were independent prognostic factors for disease free survival in node-positive penile cancer treated with surgery.The hazard ratio of SCCAg level and N stage was 2.76 (95％ CI:1.40-5.44,P=0.0034) and 28.51 (95％ CI:2.55 -319.11,P =0.0066).The nomogram demonstarted good discrimination and calibration with a concordance index of 0.855.Conclusions Based on the N stage and preoperative serum SCCAg level,a nomogram to predict disease free survival in node-positive penile cancer treated with surgery was set up.The prediction model could be helpful in predicting the risk of recurrence.

Objective To evaluate the recurrence patterns and possible prognostic factors in primary penile cancer treated with penectomy and standard lymphadenectomy.Methods The records of 73 patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma who underwent penile amputation and regional lymphadenectomy between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed.The median follow up was 32 ( 16 - 183) months.Molecular markers including p53 and Ki-67 were detected using immunohistochemistry.Recurrence patterns,pathological characteristics,and patient outcomes were analyzed.ResultsTwenty( 27.4％ ) patients developed recurrences at a mean of 11 (6 - 17 ) months postoperatively and 3 cases remained alive at last follow-up.The mean cancer specific survival of the recurrent patients was 26 ( 16 - 83 ) months.Distant metastasis and multiple recurrences were common among patients with high-grade tumor (P =0.017 ).Univariate analysis revealed that higher primary tumor stage,higher pathological grade,lymph node metastasis,extra-nodal involvement and positive p53 protein expression were significantly associated with decreased 3-year disease free survival rates.Cox regression identified that only pathological grade ( P =0.025 ) and lymph node status ( P =0.024 ) were independent predictors of disease free survival.ConclusionsPathological grade and lymph node status were independent predictors of disease free survival in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma in this cohort.Patients with high-grade disease are likely to recur in a distant or multiple pattern.

Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases in node-positive penile cancer. Methods Sixty patients with surgically resected node-positive penile cancer were analyzed. All the patients underwent regional lymph node dissection. Recurrence free survival curves were plotted by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the Log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was performed using Cox regression model. Results Of all the patients, 18 cases had bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases. The 3-year recurrence free survival rate in patients with bilateral invovlement was significantly lower than those with unilateral disease (26.7 % vs 65.3 %, χ2 =10.6, P=0.001). In order to evaluate wether the prognostic significance of bilateral lymph node metastases was dependent of increased number of positive nodes, the two predictors were included in multivariate survival analysis.Both the number of metastatic nodes and bilateral nodal disease were independent prognostic factors (P ＜0.05).Comparisons of survival curves showed those patients with bilateral nodal disease and more than 2 metastatic nodes had worst outcome. Conclusion Bilateral inguinal lymph node metastases is an important prognostic factor in penile cancer irrespective of the number of positive lymph node.

Objective To construct and evaluate a nomogram for predicting the risk of peri-operative complications after radical retro-pubic prostatectomy (RRP) with standard classification criteria.Methods The peri-operative complications and clinicopathological data of 240 patients (50-82 years old) who had undergone RRP for prostate cancer from June 2006 to June 2011 were retrospectively collected.Gleason score:95 cases ＜ 7; 145 patients ≥ 7;Clinical staging:cT1 is 1 case (0.4％),T2a 5 cases (2.1％),T2b 7 cases (2.9％),T2c 162 cases (67.5％),T3a 26 cases (10.8％),T3b 39 cases (16.3％).The peri-operative complications (in 30 days after surgery) were classified by Clavien-Dindo Classification system (the occurrence rates are as follows:rectum injury 1.6％,wound infection 2.0％,deep venous thrombosis 1.2％,urinary leak 5.0％,lymphocele 4.5％,myocardial infarction 5.8％,second look operation 1.6％),and a logistic regression model was used to construct the nomogram.Results BMI,N staging and Blood loss more than 200ml during surgery were independent prognostic factors of RRP morbidity in multivariate logistic regression.The nomogram predicting the risk of peri-operative complications showed relative good concordance index (0.633) and good calibration. Conclusions Based on the clinicopathological factors,a nomogram to predict the probability of peri-operative complications in patients undergone RRP was constructed.This statistical tool may be beneficial in judging operation risk and help consulting with patient before or after surgery.

Objective To review the diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the scrorum. Methods Clinical data of 7 patients with basal cell carcinoma of the scrotum were analyzed retrospectively. The mean age of the patients was 66 years. The most common presenting symptom was a plaque or nodular lesion with pruritis on the scrotum. The lesions ranged from 1.5 cm to 4.5 cm in diameter. Five of the 7 patients had a history of misdiagnosis. The diagnosis was established by biopsy of the lesion in all the patients. All of the 7 patients had no distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis and were treated by wide surgical resection.Results Histopathologic examination of the specimens confirmed the negative surgical margins in all cases.The most common histological feature was lobules, columns, bands and cords of basaloid cells associated with a surrounding loose fibromucinous stroma.One patient developed left inguinal lymph node metastasis at 21 months postoperatively,and was treated by bilateral inguinal lymph node dissection.The patient was free of cancer for 36 months after that. Another patient developed lung metastasis 48 months after the first operation.He was treated by systemic chemotherapy with cyclophosph amide, epirubicin and cisplatin for 6 cycles and obtained complete remission.This patient was free of cancer for 13 months after the chemotherapy.The remaining 5 patients were all free of cancer after the operation. Conclusions Basal cell carcinoma of the scrotum is rare.Wide surgical resection alone is usually considered to be curative. Because of its potential of metastasis, long-term followup is indicated for this disease.

Objective To construct and evaluate a nomogram for predicting the risk of regional lymph node metastases according to pathological features of the primary penile squamous cell carcinoma. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 73 patients who had undergone partial/radical penectomy and ilio/inguinal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis from 1990 to 2005 were retrospectively collected. The expressions of molecular markers (p53, Ki-67, E-cadherin and MMP-9) were determined by immunohistochemistry. A logistic regression model was used to construct the nomogram. Results Tumor grade, the expression level of p53 and lymphovascular invasion were independent prognostic factors of regional lymph node involvement (P<0. 05). The nomogram predicting the risk of metastatic lymph node involvement showed a good concordance index (0. 92) and good calibration. Conclusions Based on the pathological findings of primary tumor, a nomogram to predict the probability of regional lymph node involvement in penile squamous cell carcinoma patients is constructed. This statistical tool is not only helpful in judging individualizing tumor risk, but also in facilitating patients communication in treatment options.