Olfaction is one of the ancient sensing capabilities and plays an important role in monitoring environment. Although olfactory loss is common, it's obviously underappretiated by medical community generally. In order to help patients with those problems, the author gives an brief review about the characters of common etiologies, treatment and prognosis of Olfactory Dysfunction. It's concluded that most usual causes resulting in dysos- mia are upper-respiratory-tract infections, trauma, and chronic rhinosinusitis; and our understanding of the olfaction mechanism grows, but frustratingly, aside from the possible therapeutic potential of systemic steroids, no method has been proved to have solid evidence for curing olfactory loss; so we need more new basic and clinic research to develop effective therapeutic intervention.
Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders ; etiology ; therapy ; Prognosis ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Sinusitis ; Smell

Objective To discuss the value of extra-hepatic artery embolization in the treatment of giant hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods Thirty-five patients with giant HCC were enrolled in this study.Angiography was performed on celiac artery at the 1st time of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE),and on superior mesenteric artery and diaphragmatic artery right internal thoracic artery,right intercostal artery,during the 2nd and next TACEs to explore extra-hepatic blood supply of the tumors.Results In all 35 patients,49 extra-hepatic arterial branches were found,and 46 were treated with chemoembolotherapy,3 with super selective chemotherapy.Diaphragmatic artery often served as extra-hepatic arterial blood supply,and then internal thoracic artery,intercostal artery,etc.Conclusion Super selective chemoembolization or chemothrephy of extra-hepatic blood supply arteries can improve the therapeutic effect of TACE for giant HCC.

Heart disease is the major disease that threaten human health. ECG is an important tool for the diagnosis of cardiac disease. As traditional ECG measurement devices have many disadvantages, a non-contact ECG measurement system was designed. With the non-contact electrode based on capacitive coupling, the signals were collected and then they were amplified and filtered. The conditioned analog signal was converted to digital data which was sent to the mobile terminal through bluetooth. Finally, the ECG data was analyzed to extract the key ECG parameters. The results showed that the precise ECG signals can be got with the non-contact electrode and the key ECG parameters can be acquired accurately.
Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; instrumentation ; Electrodes ; Equipment Design ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

Objective To observe the effects of action observation therapy based on mirror neuron theory on upper-extremity motor function and performance in activities of daily living(ADL) after stroke.Methods Eightyone stroke patients were randomly assigned to an observational group (41 cases) or a control group (40cases).Both groups received conventional rehabilitation,and the observational group also received action observation therapy for 16 weeks,10 times per week.Upper-extremity motor function and ADL performance were assessed before treatment using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and the Barthel index (BI) and then again after 4,8 and 16 weeks of treatment.Results The average FMA scores and BI scores in the observational group at the 4th week (32.50 ± 9.32 and 67.41 ± 16.81),the 8th week (36.35 ± 8.32 and 78.74 ± 15.63) and the 16 th week (41.32 ± 13.45 and 93.85 ± 13.45) had increased significantly compared with the pre-treatment assessment and were significantly better than at the same time point for the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Action observation therapy based on mirror neuron theory can promote the recovery of upper-extremity motor function and ADL performance after stroke.

Objective To investigate the status of medication adherence of secondary prevention after acute ischemic stroke and influence on prognosis in Qingdao area , including antithrombotic drugs , lipid-lowering drugs , antihypertensive drugs and glucose-lowering drugs , to provide the basis for making medical policy.Methods We examined patients with acute cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack in the Department of Neurology of Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from December 2014 to January 2016.Patients′medication status and recurrence of stroke events were registered by using telephone and clinic follow-up within six months after the patients discharged from hospital .The standard of good and bad drug adherence was as follows:good adherence was defined as proportion of days covered ( PDC) ≥80%, bad adherence was defined as PDC <80%.SPSS 19.0 statistical software was used to analyze the influence factors of medication adherence and the influence of medication adherence on prognosis .Results Finally, 444 cases (88.62%) were analyzed.A total of 352 cases (79.28%) had high medication adherence at six months after discharging from hospital .The following factors can improve the adherence of drug treatment:history of diabetes (108 cases (30.68%) in good medication adherence group , 16 cases (17.39%) in poor medication adherence group,χ2 =6.401, P=0.011), having employee health insurance (186 cases (52.84%) in good medication adherence group , 33 cases (35.87%) in poor medication adherence group ,χ2 =8.405, P=0.004), endovascular stent implantation (29 cases(8.24%) in good medication adherence group, 0 case in poor medication adherence group ,χ2 =8.109, P=0.004), staying in hospital more than 10 days ( 230 cases ( 65.34%) in good medication adherence group , 49 cases ( 53.26%) in poor medication adherence group ,χ2 =4.558, P=0.033).Six months later , the modified Rankin Scale ( mRS) score of poor medication adherence group was significantly higher than that in good adherence group ( mRS score≥3,50 cases (14.20%) in good medication adherence group , 22 cases (23.91%) in poor medication adherence group,χ2 =5.060, P=0.024) .After six months, a total of 13 cases had recurrent cerebral infarction, with two cases ( 0.57%) in good adherence group , 11 cases ( 11.96%) in poor adherence group.High medication adherence was an independent protective factor of recurrent stroke ( OR=0.042, 95%CI 0.008 -0.210, P<0.01 ) .At one, three, six months after discharging from hospital , the medication adherence of antihypertensive and glucose-lowering drugs was better than that of antiplatelet agents and lipid-lowering drugs (all P<0.05).Conclusions The persistence and adherence to secondary preventive medication in ischemic stroke patients was generally well at 6th month after discharging from hospital.History of diabetes , having employee health insurance , stent implantation and longer hospital stay are the influencing factors to high medication adherence .High medication adherence is an independent protective factor for ischemic stroke recurrence .The medication adherence of antihypertensive and glucose-lowering drugs is better than that of antithrombotic drugs and lipid-lowering drugs.

Objective Few studies are reported on the construction of a finite element model of human complex knee joint using multimodality CT and MRI images.In this study, we developed a finite element model of the knee joint for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using matched and fused CT and MRI data, hoping to provide a useful tool for the simulation study of knee joint biomechanics of TKA.Methods The CT and MRI image data about an intact knee of a 26-year-old male volunteer were imported into the Mimics software for the establishment of 3D models of bony and soft-tissue structures.A complete knee model was developed following the registration and fusion of the constructed 3D models based on the external landmarks.After the simulated implantation of TKA components, a finite element model of the TKA knee was constructed with the Hypermesh software.Then the finite element model was analyzed following the definition of its material behavior, boundary conditions and loading.Results The finite element model of the TKA knee, which was composed of bones, ligaments, components, polyethylene insert and bone cement, was developed from CT-MRI image registration and fusion and maintained its important spatial relationship among different structures in the TKA knee.The results obtained from the finite element analysis showed the characteristics of stress distribution in the TKA knee.Conclusion The finite element model of the knee joint for TKA can be established by matching and fusing CT and MRI image data, which can be employed as a useful tool for the study of knee joint biomechanics of TKA.

Objective To explore the effects of action observation therapy on upper-extremity motor function after ischemic stroke and on the motor cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).Methods Forty patients with ischemic stroke were randomly assigned to an observational group (n =20) or a control group (n =20).Both groups received conventional rehabilitation,while the observational group was additionally provided with action observation therapy for 8 weeks.Both groups were assessed using the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) and the Barthel index (BI) before and after the 8 weeks of treatment and functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed before treatment.Two months after the treatment,nine patients of the experimental group and 8 of the control group who continued to receive their respective treatments after discharge were again assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results After the treatment the average FMA score and BI score of both the observational group and the control group had increased significantly.The increase in the average FMA score of the observational group was significantly greater than that of the control group.However,there was no significant difference between the two groups in the increases in BI score after 8 weeks of treatment.The fMRI results showed that there was a significantly greater rise in activity in the bilateral precentral gyrus,parietal lobe and the supplementary motor area of the patients in the observational group after the treatment compared with the control group.Conclusion Action observation therapy can improve upper extremity motor function and performance in the activities of daily living after ischemic stroke and induce changes in the excitability of the cerebral motor cortex.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum CA19-9,CA125 and CP2 in mucinous ovarian tumors.Methods In this retrospective study,the serum CA19-9,CA125 and CP2 levels of 273 hospitalized patients with ovarian tumors of either mucinous or non-mucinous type were analyzed.Results(1)CA19-9 had the biggest area under chive(AUC)in mucinous tumors followed with CA125 while CA125 and CP2 had bigger AUC in non-mucinous tumor.(2)For the diagnosis of mucinous tumors,CA19-9 and CA125 combination showed a greatly increased sensitivity compared with CA19-9 or CA125 alone(93.8%versus 75.0%and 66.7%,P＜0.05)with no significant improvement of the specificity(P＞0.05).For the diagnosis of non-mucinous tumors,CA125 and CP2 combination showed an increased sensitivity compared with CA125 or CP2 alone(85.0%versus 80.7%,P＞0.05,85.0%versus 70.6%,P＜0.05)with no significant improvement of the specificity(P＞0.05).(3)Seventy percent of tumor marker-positive patients could undergo cytoreductive surgery.Compared with those who could not undergo cytoreductive surgery,they were more likely to have normal tumor marker two months after surgery (P＜0.05)and longer interval to re-elevation of tumor markers(P＞0.05),with lower reeurrence and death rate (P＜0.05).All of the 20 tumor marker-negative patients could have eytoreduetive surgery with only 10%recurrence.(4)CA19-9 inereased mainly in recurrent mucinous tumor,while CA125 increased dominantly in recurrent non-mueinous tumor.(5)The survival rate of CA125 and CP2 positive patients was much lower than CA125 and CP2 negative patients(P＜0.05),while the survival rate was similar between CA19-9 positive and CA19-9 negative patients.Conclusions CA19-9 is a sensitive index for diagnosis of mucinous ovarian tumors.Combination of CA19-9 with CA125 can improve the sensitivity of diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of mucinous ovarian tumors.Combination of CA125 with CP2 is more valuable in the diagnosis of non-mucinous ovarian tumors.

Objective Previous study showed that interval debulking surgery (IDS) may improve the survival of patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).The precise significance of IDS needs to be evaluated.Methods Totally 136 consecutive patients with stage Ⅲ c or Ⅳ EOC (including primary peritoneal carcinoma and primary fallopian tube carcinoma ) who completed primary debulking surgery (PDS) and platinum-based chemotherapy were enrolled from January 2000 to December 2009 in a retrospective cohort study.The study group was divided into three groups:65 cases underwent optimal PDS (Group A ),41 cases received chemotherapy alone after suboptimal PDS (Group B ),and 30 patients underwent IDS after suboptimal PDS (Group C).All patients received six to eight courses of platinum-based combination chemotherapy (paclitaxel plus carboplatin/cisplatin,cyclophosphamide plus epirubicin and cisplatin).Patients' clinical characteristics,perioperative situation and prognosis were compared. Results Sixty-five cases (47.8％,65/136) from 136 patients achieved optimal PDS.For Group C,77％ (23/30)patients obtained optimal debulking surgery after IDS.Intraoperative injury rates were similar between Group B and Group C ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Mild perioperative complications rate was also similar ( P ＞0.05 ).Median progression-free survival (PFS) of Group A was 26 months.Median overall survival (OS) of Group B and Group C were 3l months and 40 months,respectively (P =0.254).Median PFS of Group B and Group C were 13 months and 24 months,respectively (P =0.289).Although when it came to 20 months after PDS,patients who underwent IDS had a significantly lower progressive disease (PD) rate (Group B 33％ versus Group C 61％,P =0.046 ),it still showed that there was no significant difference in either OS or PFS of these two groups.Those patients in Group C who obtained no visible residual got similar PFS (27 months) comparing to Group A (26 months,P =0.730),but OS was still shorter (P =0.010).Conclusions For advanced EOC patients,IDS has little effect on improving survival.While it is safe and acceptable,also may prolong PFS in those patients who got no visible residual after IDS.The results suggest that IDS might be used as an alternative treatment for advanced EOC patients who cannot obtain optimal PDS in certain local hospitals.

Objective To discuss the short-term currative effect of horizontal osteotomy across injured vertebral forⅤdegree old frac-ture-dislocations of thoracolumbar spine.Methods The data of 4 patients who received horizontal osteotomy across injured vertebral internal fixation in our hospital from April 2010 to October 2012 were retrospectively analyzed,of which 1 case with T8-9 fracture dislocation,2 cases with T10-11 fracture dislocation,1 case with T11-12 fracture dislocation.The Franke1 classification of all patients were grade A.Results All 4 cases were achieved completely fracture reduction and followed-up for 2-14 months(an average of 7.4 months),who could get sitting posi-tion with the support of brace 1 week after operation.The postoperative follow-up indicated that all 4 cases got fusion,but there was no improve-ment for Franke1 classification.Conclusion The method of horizontal osteotomy across injured vertebral forⅤdegree old fracture-dislocations of thoracolumbar spine has good short-term clinical effect,with the advantages of shorter operation time,less bleeding and good reduction effect.