The Aurora kinase family of serine/threonine kinases plays an important role in chromosome alignment,segregation and cytokinesis during mitosis.Overexpression of Aurora kinases has been observed in a variety of human solid tumors and hematological malignancies.Aberrant expression of Aurora kinase can interrupt the function of the checkpoint in mitosis,lead to instability of genetic substance and induce tumorigenesis.

Cancer immunotherapy is a new approach to cancer treatment. Dendritic cells, the most potent antigen-presenting cells found in humans, have attracted a lot of researches. However, dendritic cells are insufficient to cross-present self-antigens in-vivo. To improve the dendritic cells' antigen-presenting capabilities and the anti-tumor effect, in vitro preparation of dendritic cell vaccine and combination with pro-apoptotic treatments such as chemotherapy are being used.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins,macromolecules,and organelles.Now,autophagic cell death is considered as programmed cell death type Ⅱ.In multiple studies,inhibition of autophagy will result in contrasting outcomes-survival or death.Thus,whether autophagy in cancer cells causes death or protects cells is controversial.Taken together,the manipulation of autophagy may lead to development of new cancer therapies.This article focuses on recent progresses of autophagy research related to human cancers therapy.

CD44 has been the subject of extensive research because of its role in cancer and many physiological processes.Through binding to different ligands,CD44 can initiate a series of cascade.CD44 not only can promote tumorigenic and tumor metastasis,but also can suppress tumor growth and progression.In-depth study of CD44 and its role in signal pathway may provide a new path for cancer treatment.

Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is a nuclear transcription factor of PEBP2/CBF superfamilies,and can regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP),osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) which are associated with the metastasis of tumors including breast cancer and prostate cancer.In these cancers,the expression of Runx2 is highly up-regulated,which is closely correlated with the cell transformation and tumor progress.Lots of studies have demonstrated that the function of Runx2 is involved in several signal pathways activation,which can promote the early metastasis of malignant tumors.Therefore,the treatment targeting to Runx2 may be a new clinically choice to block the metastasis of tumors in the future.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition cause primary carcinoma cells to acquire mesenchymal features and re-epithelialize to form a secondary mass at a metastatic site. Such plasticity has implications in the progression of breast carcinoma to metastasis, and will likely influence cancer's response to therapy. The transcriptional and epigenetic regulation that underlie the development of breast cancer and result in characteristic changes in cell behavior can be monitored using an array of marker proteins, providing the potential for emergent prognostic and therapeutic targeting.

The acetylation status of histories regulates access of transcription factors to DNA and influences levels of gene expression.Histone deacetylase(HDAC)activity diminishes acctylation of histones,causing compaction of the DNA-histone complex.This compaction blocks gene transcription and inhibits cell differentiation.HDAC inhibitom decompact the DNA-histone complex and promote cell growth arrest,differentiation,and apoptosis of tumor cells.Meantime,HDAC inhibition also affects acetylation status and function of non-histone proteins.HDAC inhibitors not only possess significant anti-tumor effects with single use,but also has great significance in combined therapy with other drugs.

Objective To study the changes of T-C of apolipoprotein CⅢ (ApoCⅢ)-455C gene and to de-tect the relationship between essential hypertension (EH) and the quantity of ApoCⅢ-455C gene. Methods 606 subjects were divided into hypertension group(n=306) and non-hypertension group(n=300). And the two groups 606 were divided into subgroup A (n=90) who had hypertension companied with hypertriglyceridem, subgroup B (n=216)who had hypertension only, subgroup C (n=51) who had hypertriglyceridem only and subgroup D (n= 249) who had none of the two diseases, by the concentration of triglycerides (TG) (TG≥1.69 mmol/L). The quan-tity of ApoCⅢ-455 C was detected by Real Time PCR. TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApeA, ApoB 100, ApoCⅢ, ApoE, blood glucose,plasma insulin and waist circumference were measured in all cases. Results There was no difference in the quantity of ApoCⅢ-455C gene between group B and the group D [(45.16±5.97) vs (46.21±6.13)] (P>0.05). The concentration of ApoCⅢ, ApoB100 and the quantity of ApoCⅢ-455C gene in group A were higher than those in group B [0.14±0.03]g/L, (95.00±15.69)g/L, (28.13±4.11) vs (0.09±0.03)g/L,(81.22± 11.87)g/L,(45.16±5.97)(P<0.01)]. It was similar in ApoE [(0.05±0.01) g/L vs (0.04±0.01)g/L] and LDL-C [(2.54±0.61)mmol/L vs (2.15±0.41)mmol/L] (P<0.05). Conclusions The quantity of ApoC Ⅲ-455C gene is not related to EH.

Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase (SHP2), which is encoded by proto-oncogene PTPN11, is one of the transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatases. SHP2 has an important function in signal transduction pathways and activities of cells through the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation level of intracellular proteins. The status of SHP2 activation is closely connected with the regulation of hormone levels, state of invasion and metastasis of tumor, development and progression of tumor stem cells of breast cancer, as well as signal pathways including Ras/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Gene knockout or gene silencing expression helps inhibit tumor growth, irreversibly hindering the ability of the tumor to regain stem cells and disturb the signal pathways of the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Recent studies have shown that SHP2 may help in bringing anticancer drugs to a higher level. This arti-cle concentrates on the research progress in relationship of SHP2 with invasion and metastasis of breast cancer.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of lung metastases from breast cancer.Methods The clinical data of 119 breast cancer patients treated at our institution from January 2000 to January 2007 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Among 119 patients with lung metastasis,35.3％ was hormone receptor (HR) +/human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER2)-,17.6％ was HR +/HER2 +,21.8％ was HR-/HER2 + and 25.2％ was trriple negative breast cancer (TNBC).The rate of grade Ⅲ in triple negative breast cancer was higher than the other subtypes(P =0.016).The median overall survival was 60 months (9-141 months),the median time to lung metastases was 29 months (3-99 months),and the median survival after lung metastasis was 33 months (range,6-98 months).The 1-,2-,3-and 5-year survival rate was 72.9％,54.1％,35.1％ and 14.4％.Conclusions TNBC,number of lung metastases,time to lung metastases less than 24 months,and a history of systemic chemotherapy were important factors for prognosis of patients with lung metastases.