Eighty percent of patients with chronic pancreatitis were presented with symptoms of intractable pain.Patients with chronic pancreatitis were at risk of losing the endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas as the advance of the disease.The main objective of surgical management of chronic pancreatitis includes pain alleviation and pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function improvement.This paper analyzes the strategics of surgical procedure selcction and thc time,indication for surgical intervention.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the development of pancreatic cancer and inflammation, and the therapy strategy.Methods Related articles were reviewed.Results The pathogenesis of inflammation in pancreatic cancer development involves cytokines, NF ?B, COX 2, PPAR ?, DNA damage, gene changes,etc. Based on these mechanisms some medications are under developing.Conclusion Accumulative effects of pancreatic inflammation may lead to DNA changes, and even pancreatic cancer development. Medications aimed at suppressing pancreatic inflammation may help with prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (p-NET) is a kind of neoplasm originating from neuroendocrine cell of pancreas.The morbidity of p-NET increased 5 times in the past 40 years and threatened people's life.However,the key points of diagnosis and treatment for p-NET are still unclear.There were no special and easy blood tests or imaging scanning for p-NET.The TNM classification remains controversial.Surgery is the most effective method to cure p-NET.But we still need to clarify which is the best time or method for surgery.In this review,we try to answer above questions based on our experiences and studies.

Objective To introduce the role of pancreatic stellate cells in pancreatic fibrosis and the progress in treatment of pancreatic fibrosis. Methods Relevant literatures were collected and reviewed. Results Pancreatic stellate cells activation was closely related to pancreatic fibrosis. Inhibition of pancreatic stellate cells activation could provide a new approach in clinical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion Pancreatic stellate cells are the key to pancreatic fibrosis,which are becoming the target for anti-fibrosis of the pancreas and treatment of chronic pancreatitis.

Objectives The study aims were to analyze the clinical features and to explore the management of intrapancreatic pseudocysts after acute pancreatitis.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 151 patients who received surgical treatment from Dec,2008 to Feb,2012 after acute pancreatitis.Based on CT/MRI findings and clinical data,there were 17 patients with intrapancreatic pseudocysts (11.3％).The clinical manifestations,diagnoses and treatments for these 17 patients were retrospectively analyzed,and the outcome after operations were followed.Results For the 17 patients,obstructive jaundice was present in 3 patients,pancreatic portal hypertension (PPH) in 7,pseudoaneurysm in 2.All 17 patients underwent operation.The surgical procedures included internal drainage (n=8),external drainage (n=5),distal pancreatic resection with splenectomy (n=3),and local resection (n=1).All patients recovered after the operations.Conclusions Intrapancreatic pseudocysts after acute pancreatitis had a high incidence of local complication.The diagnosis of these pseudocysts was difficult.The treatment should be performed early for those patients who had developed complications.

Objective To compare the survival conditions of patients with insulinoma after enucleation of insulinoma or partial resection of pancreas.Methods The clinical data of 99 patients with insulinoma,treated with surgery from May.2003 to Aug.2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the 99 patients,38 received enucleation of insulinoma alone and 61 received partial resection of pancreas.The overall data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software.Results Average survival of patients after enucleation of insulinoma (103.3 months) was longer than that of patients after partial resection of pancreas (77.5 months),and the difference had statistical significance (P=0.006).The difference of the incidence of most chronic or temporary complications had no statistical significance between the two groups (P＞0.05),except for new-onset diabetes (P=0.004).Conclusion Enucleation of insulinoma should be firstly recommended for patients with insulinoma in suitable size,which can provide patients with better survival condition.

Objective To compare the efficacies of extended and standard radical pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas.Methods The clinical data of 96 patients with pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas who were admitted to the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2001 to 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Forty-one patients who received extended RPD were in the extended group and 55 patients who received standard RPD were in the standard group.Blood loss,operation time,hospital stay,surgical complications,severity of complication,1-,3-,5-year survival rate,median survival time,time and location of tumor recurrence and 1-year quality of life of the patients in the 2 groups were compared.All data were analyzed by using rank sum test and analysis of variance.The survival rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and was analyzed by Log-rank test.Results There were no significant differences in the age,diameter and differentiation of the tumor,and number of metastatic lymph nodes between the 2 groups.The operation time,operative blood loss,postoperative hospital stay were 364 minutes (310-650 minutes),680 ml (0-1800 ml) and 13.5 days (10-76 days) in the extended group,which were significantly higher than 315 minutes (260-306 minutes),305 ml (0-1000 ml) and 9.2 days (7-30 days) in the standard group (F=7.15,4.22,3.82,P＜0.05).The incidences of complications in grade 1 and 2 were 5％ (2/41) and 20％ (8/41) in the extended group,which were significantly lower than 25％ ( 14/55 ) and 49％ (27/55) in the standard group ( x2 =5.76,8.87,P ＜ 0.05).The incidence of complications in grade 3a was 41％ ( 17/41 ) in the extended group,which was significantly higher than 7％ (4/55) in the standard group ( x2 =14.10,P ＜ 0.05 ).There were no significant differences in the incidence of complications in grade 3b and 4a between the 2 groups ( x2 =1.44,0.88,P ＞ 0.05 ).There were no significant difference in the 1-,3-,5-year survival rate,median survival time,postoperative quality of life and time of tumor recurrence between the 2 groups ( x2 =0,0.13,0; F =0.49,1.03,t =0.32,P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion Standard RPD is optimal for patients with ordinary pancreatic cancer in head of pancreas.Extended RPD could be applied for patients with enlargement of group 16 lymph nodes and could receive R0 resection.

Objective To analyse clinical efficacy of Frey and Bger procedures for chronic pancreatitis. Methods Clinical data of seventy patients of chronic pancreatitis undergoing Frey (32 cases) and Beger Procedures (38 cases) in our hospital from January 1999 to June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed,the rate of pain relief and endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas in longterm follow-up were compared with each other. Results Overall perioperative morbidity for Frey group and Beger group was 12. 5% and 7.9% respectively (P =0. 52); Total pain relief rate in long-term follow-up was 96. 8% and 94. 7% respectively (P =0. 57). Postoperative de novo diabetes mellitus was 12. 5% and 21% ( x2 = 0. 90, P = 0. 34), Rate of steatorrhea was 12. 5% and 18.6% respectively ( x2 = 0. 15, P =0. 70). Conclusions Frey and Beger procedures were equally effective in improving symptoms of chronic pancreatitis and there were no significant differences in perioperative morbidity, rate of pain relief and function of endocrine and exocrine of the pancreas.

Objective To establish a mouse model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.Methods Thirty six male ICR mice were randomly divided into control group ( n =6) and experimental group ( n =30). Each of the animals in the experimental group received 7 intraperitoneal injections of caerulein (50 ?g/kg body weight) in 0.9% NaCl at hourly intervals over 6 hours. The animals in the experimental group were killed at 9,18,24,48 and 72 hours respectively after the first caerulein injection. The control animals received the same volume of 0.9% NaCl without caerulein. The animals in the control group were killed at the 18th hour after the first intraperitoneal injection. The severity of acute necrotizing pancreatitis was evaluated in terms of amylase level, pancreatic weight/body weight and the histological changes. Variance analysis was employed in the processing of these data. Results Both amylase level and pancreatic weight elevated 9 hours after the first caerulein injection, and correlated with the course of pancreatitis. The maximums of both alterations were observed at the same time point (18 hours after the first injection of caerulein). Prominent interstitial inflammation and acinar cell necrosis occurred at the 18th hour, and the histological score for pancreatitis reached a maximum ( P

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (P-NETs) are a group of heterogeneous tumors,including functional and nonfunctional ones.With the enhancement of clinicians' awareness about this disease and the improvement of imaging diagnostic techniques,the incidence of P-NETs has obviously increased in the past years.Based on the mitotic counting and Ki-67 positive index,the grading classification is of great value for the diagnosis,treatment and even prognosis of P-NETs.P-NETs are a group of malignant tumors with inert biological behaviors,whose surgical resection rate and long-term survival is much better than those of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.P-NETs have different malignant potentials.Clinicians need to develop a comprehensive treatment plan in combination with the patient's symptoms,tumor grading classification and TNM staging information.Surgery is the only curable way to cure P-NETs.Even if radical resection is not suitable,palliative surgery may alleviate the patients,symptoms,and even prolong their survival time.According to the tumor location,size,quantity,degree of grading,local invasion and distant metastasis,different surgical procedures should be selected.