Objective:To explore the current situation of empathy for pain in medical students and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study. From June 2018 to January 2019, convenience sampling was used to select 768 undergraduate students from 4 medical universities in Shanghai, Jiangsu Province and Zhejiang Province as the research subject. The General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS) , and the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI-C) were used for investigation. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.Results:Among 768 medical students, the total score of EPS was (2.56±0.66) , of which the physical and mental discomfort reaction dimension score was (2.28±0.74) , and the empathy reaction dimension score was (3.39±0.79) . The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that major, being the only child or not, often watching violent movies or not, and personal distress were the influencing factors of medical students' physical and mental discomfort reaction with a statistical difference ( P<0.05) , explaining 20.1% of the variation in total. Gender, grade, clinical learning experience, viewpoint selection, empathic attention and imagination were the influencing factors of the empathy reaction of medical students also with a statistical difference ( P<0.05) , explaining 19.7% of the variation in total. Conclusions:The empathy for pain of medical students is at a moderate level and is affected by many factors. Medical education should strengthen the cultivation of empathy behavior practice ability, and multi-dimensionally cultivate and evaluate students' empathy ability in combination with patients' evaluation.

Objective:To translate the Home Healthcare Robot Adoption Intention and Its Determinants Questionnaire into Chinese and test its reliability and validity.Methods:After translation, back translation, semantic analysis, expert consultation, and cultural adaptation, a preliminary Home Healthcare Robot Adoption Intention and Its Determinants Questionnaire was determined. From February 25 to November 30, 2022, convenience sampling was used to select middle-aged and elderly individuals from communities in Shanghai city, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shanxi provinces as research subjects for reliability and validity testing of the questionnaire.Results:A total of 280 questionnaires were distributed, and 231 valid questionnaires were collected. The content validity index of the questionnaire level was 0.97. The total Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.912, and the split half reliability coefficient was 0.848. Using principal component analysis and maximum variance rotation method to extract common factors with eigenvalue > 1, five common factors were extracted, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 74.921%. The final Chinese version of the Home Healthcare Robot Adoption Intention and Its Determinants Questionnaire consisted of 5 dimensions and 29 items, named as the usage intention, social influence, ethical and legal concern, privacy concern, and performance expectancy.Conclusions:The Chinese version of the Home Healthcare Robot Adoption Intention and Its Determinants Questionnaire includes 5 dimensions and 29 items. It is an effective and reliable tool for evaluating the intention to use home healthcare robots, and can be used to survey the public's intention to use home healthcare robots.

Objective:To deeply understand the views of nurses on nursing robots, so as to provide reference for standardizing the application of nursing robots and promoting innovation in smart nursing service models.Methods:From March to June 2023, purposive sampling was used to select 15 registered nurses from two ClassⅢ general hospitals in Shanghai as research subjects for semi-structured interviews. Colaizzi 7-step analysis method was used to analyze interview data.Results:Three themes were extracted, including the perceived multiple benefits of nursing robots (obtaining work assistants, facilitating nursing safety, and promoting professional value recognition), the perceived multiple risks of nursing robots affecting patients (concerns about affecting patient safety, concerns about triggering negative emotions in patients, and concerns about functional limitations), and the perceived multiple dilemmas in the application of nursing robots (concerns about academic burden, concerns about changes in work patterns, concerns about unclear responsibilities, and concerns about affecting nursing positions) .Conclusions:Although nurses hold a positive attitude towards nursing robots and expect them to reduce their workload, nurses are also concerned that they may not be able to fully adapt to the clinical environment, pose potential risks to the physical and mental health of patients, and pose new challenges to nursing staff and work models. In the face of intelligent nursing, efforts should be made to strengthen professional training for nurses in information technology, improve nursing work models and processes, and perfect the rules and regulations for the application of intelligent products. Multiple parties should cooperate to create a smart nursing application ecosystem.

Objective:To translate the Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS) and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of EPS in medical students.Methods:The items of the Chinese version of EPS were determined by translation, back-translation, semantic analysis, expert consultation and culture adaptation. From June to October 2018, this study selected 531 undergraduate students by convenience sampling to carry out questionnaire survey. Correlation analysis and critical ratio were used to the item analysis. Validity test was implemented with the content validity, construct validity and criterion-related validity; and internal consistency was tested with the Cronbach's α value and split-half reliability.Results:The Chinese version of EPS had 12 items and two factors named as the body and mind discomfort reactions and empathy reactions with 69.059% for the total variance contribution. Content validity of items ranged from 0.83 to 1.00, and the total content validity was 0.94. The total score of the Chinese version of EPS had a positive correlation with the score of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI-C) ( r=0.370, P< 0.01) . The Cronbach's α value of the scale was 0.914; Cronbach's α values of two dimensions, the body and mind discomfort reactions and empathy reactions, were 0.935 and 0.775 respectively. The split-half reliability of the scale was 0.896. Conclusions:The Chinese version of EPS has four scenes and two dimensions as well as a good reliability and validity which could be used to evaluate the level of empathy for pain among medical students in China.

To investigate the incidence of malignant tumors in oral and maxillofacial region and the pathological features of various tumors, a total of 3 382 cases of malignant tumors in oral and maxillofacial region admitted to Jilin University from Januarary 2000 to December 2017. The characteristics of age, sex, location and pathological types of all kinds of tumors were analyzed. The median onset age is 57 years old, 51 to 70 years old is a high-risk age group, the ratio of male to female was 1.9∶1. The primary tumor location is tongue, gingiva and floor of mouth. Epithelial, lymphatic hematopoietic system, bone and soft tissue were the three major sources of tumor tissue, and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common pathological type (65.1%), followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. In summary, oral and maxillofacial malignancies have a high incidence in elderly men, and tongue is the most common site of disease. Epithelial-origin and squamous cell carcinomas are the first of their origins and pathological types, respectively.