OBJECTIVE:To screen the method for extracting total flavonoids in persimmon leaves and optimize extraction tech-nology. METHODS:Using extract quality and flavonoids content as indexes,the effects of extracting total flavonoids in persim-mon leaves by ethanol refluxing method,enzyme method(cellulase,β-glucanase and complex enzyme mixed by equal amounts of both),semi-bionic method and semi-bionic-enzyme method (the same enzymes) were compared. Using flavonoids content as in-dex,solid-liquid radio,reflux temperature,reflux time as factors,orthogonal test was designed to optimize the extraction technolo-gy conditions of flavonoids in persimmon leaves by semi-bionic-enzyme method,and the verification test was conducted. RE-SULTS:The extract quantity and flavonoids content by semi-bionic-enzyme method was the highest among the 4 extraction meth-ods,and the complex enzyme was the most suitable;the optimized extracting condition of semi-bionic-enzyme method were as fol-lows as solid-liquid radio of 1:14,reflux temperature of 50 ℃,reflux time of 2.0 h;extraction rates of flavonoids in 3 verification tests were 5.9%,5.8%,5.9%(RSD=0.98%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimized semi-bionic-enzyme method is efficient and stable in extracting flavonoids in persimmon leaves.

BACKGROUNDSeveral studies, including those done in China, report that paravertebral vascular injury during posterior spinal surgery can greatly harm patients, though it is a relatively rare complication. However, few studies have examined their course and anatomic relationship to the spine. The aim of this study was to measure the course of the major paravertebral vessels and their positional relationships to the vertebral bodies in Chinese subjects using computed tomography.

METHODSWe studied a total of fifty subjects who underwent thoracolumbar computed tomography from T1-S1 at our institution. We measured the theoretical distance, actual distance, theoretical angle, and actual angle of the paravertebral vessels at each thoracolumbar intervertebral disc.

RESULTSThe paravertebral artery actual angle at T4-L4 ranged from -11.41 to 79.75° and the actual distance from 16.98 to 52.53 mm. The actual angle of the inferior vena cava at L1-L5 intervertebral disc ranged from -40.75 to 34.50° and the actual distance from -36.63 to 61.69 mm. There was no significant difference in the actual angle of the paravertebral vein or in the actual distance in the thoracic segments according to gender (P > 0.05). However, the actual distance in the lumbar segments were significantly different according to gender (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe major paravertebral vessels' course is closer to the mid-sagittal plane as they move posterior along the vertebrae, and the actual distance of the paravertebral artery and azygos vein increase, while the actual distance of the inferior vena cava decreases. The course of the lumbar paravertebral vessels varies, especially at L4/L5, and may be more prone to intraoperative injury in female subjects.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Arteries ; injuries ; Azygos Vein ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Iliac Vein ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Young Adult