Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a new kind of eytokine discovered in 2000. The major sources of IL-22 are activated T1 -cells and NK-cells. Tissue cells at outer body barriers, i.e. of the skin, kidney, the di-gestive and respiratory systems all highly express IL-22R or respond to IL-22. IL-22 functions by promoting the anti-microbial defense, inducing phase reactants, protecting against damage and enhancing natural immu-nity. Furthermore, IL-22 mediates the proliferation, differentiation and apoptesis in cancer cells, that gives us a new idea about tumor therapy.

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of combined single-access minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) and lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope in the treatment of staghorn calculi.Methods Fifty-seven cases of renal staghom calculi underwent combined MPCNL and lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope.The size of calculi was (2.7 cm×3.3 cm-3.8 cm × 5.2 cm),3.7 cm×4.1 cmon average.Results The success rate of stone fragmentation was 80.7% (46/57) after the first stage of operation,duration of which was 128 min on average.The average loss of blood was 80 mL (20 - 150 mL).Eleven patients with residual calculi in the middle and lower calyx were also underwent the second stage of operation after 5 - 7 days.The average operation duration of the second stage was 57 min and the total clearance rate was 93% (53/57).Four cases had a few of residual calculi with size of 0.4 - 0.8 cm and went on with the treatment of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESWL).Two cases were stone-free in the follow-up for 3 months.Conclusion MPCNL combined with with lithotripsy through flexible ureteroscope on the treatment of staghom calculi can decrease the therapeutic risk and complication,increase the rate of stone-free and safety.

BACKGROUND:Lymph-targeted tracing and therapy based on carbon nanotubes have been one of the hottest researches on targeting tumor diagnosis and treatment. To evaluate the accumulation of carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph node can provide experimental evidences for developing nano-tracers and drug carriers which are more lymph-specific and more biocompatible. OBJECTIVE:To study the accumulation of the intravenously injected carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes in axil ary lymph nodes of Sprague-Dawley rats, and to evaluate their effect on blood cel s. METHODS:Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups. Rats in testing group were injected with carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes suspension (2 mg/kg), while those in control group were injected with 5%glucose solution (1 mL/kg), both through the tail vein, three times per week. Four periods of 7, 60, 90 and 120 days were set (the 120-day period referred to 90 days of administration fol owed by 30 days of drug withdrawal). At the end of each period, eight rats from each group were randomly picked out, to col ect blood samples via the abdominal aorta for blood routine test. Final y the axil ary lymph nodes were observed, and the lymph node samples of rats in the testing group were col ected and analyzed at 120 days by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the control group, black staining of axil ary lymph nodes of rats in testing group was not obvious at the end of the 7-day period. However, with the increase of the dosing periods, the lymph nodes of the rats in the testing group became enlarged, firm and black stained, coupled with a significant rising in the percentage of blood neutrophils. After 30 days of drug withdrawal, the size of the rat axil ary lymph nodes was reduced and black staining partly faded, with the decreasing of blood neutrophil percentage. Under the transmission electron microscope, abundant carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes were uptaken by lymphocytes to form a large number of phagocytic vacuoles after drug withdrawal for 30 days. It indicates that the short-term tracing of rat axil ary lymph nodes by carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes injected through the tail vein is relatively weak, while the long-term intravenous injection can cause their accumulation in rat axil ary lymph nodes, coupled with the increase of neutrophils;after drug withdrawal, the carboxylated single-wal ed carbon nanotubes can be slowly cleared by the lymph nodes.

[Objective]To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene in the elderly Chinese Han populations of Guangzhou,and compare the frequencies of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in different populations,in order to provide accurate data for the appropriate prescription.[Methods]To detect the genetic polymorphisms of the CYP2C19 gene by the DNA microarray,and compare the frequencies of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in Chinese Han populations from different areas and the different races.[Results]There were 2312 case samples in our study. The allele frequencies of CYP2C19*1,CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 were 64.27%,30.75%,and 4.98%,respectively. As the genotype,EM(*1/*1)was 41.44%(n=958),IM(*1/*2,*1/*3)was 45.67%(n=1056),and PM(*2/*2,*2/*3 and*3/*3)was 12.89%(n=298). The ratios of EM and IM in Chinese Han populations from different areas and all the subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype in different minority were statistically significant. As the races,there were difference in all the subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype when Asian populations were compared with white races(P<1304.64)and black races(P<0.01),which was also statistically significant.[Conclusions]The distributions of the CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms were significantly different in Chinese han populations and in different races,and the main subtypes of the CYP2C19 genotype in the elderly of Chinese han populations were IM and EM,which is beneficial for prescribing appropriate in the elderly populations.

Objective To conduct mutation screening of SCN1A 3′ untranslated region (UTR) on Dravet syndrome (DS) patients without mutations in the SCN1A coding region and promoter region, and functional analysis of the variant from DS patients.Methods Twenty-eight DS patients without mutations in the SCN1A coding region and promoter region were screened for SCN1A 3′ UTR mutations using PCR and direct sequencing.Functional analysis of the detected mutation was done via luciferase assay, mRNA stability analysis and RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (RNA-EMSA).Results A novo variant (c.*20A>G) in SCN1A 3′ UTR was found in one DS patient.The variant (c.*20A>G) reduced the luciferase gene xpression by 30% through increasing the affinity of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/cytoplasmic protein binding and reducing luciferase gene mRNA stability (t=8.5,P<0.01).Conclusions A functional variant was detected from one patient with DS.This variant negatively regulated the gene expression by increasing the affinity of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2/cytoplasmic protein binding and reducing mRNA stability.

Objective:To analyze the risk factors of stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 326 patients who underwent transurethral enucleation of prostate at the Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University due to benign prostatic hyperplasia from March 2016 to December 2019. Patients were divided into stress urinary incontinence group ( n=78) and non-stress urinary incontinence group ( n=248) according to whether there was stress urinary incontinence one week after the catheter was removed. Age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, prostate volume, the time of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), total prostate specific antigen, preoperative indwelling catheter status, operation type, operation time, percentage of hemoglobin reduction and catherization time were compared between the two groups. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( Mean± SD), and t-test was used for comparison between groups; Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method was used for comparison of count data between groups. Single factor and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen independent predictors. Results:Age [(73.9±7.3) years vs (69.5±7.8) years, P<0.001], body mass index [(25.6±3.0) kg/m 2vs (24.6±2.9) kg/m 2, P=0.004], the time of LUTS [(5.42±5.65) years vs (5.05±5.19) years, P=0.008], and hypertension (57.7% vs 43.6%, P=0.037), prostate volume [(77.1±33.2) mL vs (62.5±30.2) mL, P<0.001], operation time [(115.0±45.7) min vs (99.8±41.4) min, P=0.006] in stress urinary incontinence group were significantly higher than those in the non-stress urinary incontinence group, the differences were statistically significant. Age ( OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.07, P<0.001), body mass index ( OR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.03-1.14, P=0.003), LUTS ( OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.14-1.29, P=0.015)and prostate volume ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.10-1.11, P=0.011) were independent risk factors for stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate by multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Conclusion:Age≥70years, body mass index≥25 kg/m 2, LUTS during≥5 years and prostate volume≥75 mL are independent risk factors for stress urinary incontinence after transurethral enucleation of prostate.

The clinical data of 10 patients with prostate abscess admitted to our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Summarize its diagnosis and treatment characteristics and its clinical efficacy. Prostatic abscess can generally be effectively controlled by timely, adequate and effective antibiotic treatment and active control of comorbidities. Prostate abscess deroofing might be an effective treatment for patients with the failure of conservative antibiotic treatment.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and its associated risk factors of lower urinary tract symptoms in young Chinese obese males. Methods: A total of 126 young males aged 20-40 years admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University were enrolled into two different groups in this study, including 74 obese patients visited metabolic weight loss clinic were included in the experimental group, and 52 conditionally healthy persons were included in the control group. Blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), insulin resistance (fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide), blood lipid metabolism (triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and sex hormones (estrogen) of the two groups of subjects. Hormones, serum testosterone), C-reactive protein (CRP), International prostate symptom score (IPSS) and quality of life score (QOL). were compared between the two groups of subjects. Comparisons of measurement data between groups were statistically analyze by t test, expressed by mean ± standard deviation (Mean±SD); the correlation between body mass index and LUTS was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation, and the risk factors of LUTS and clinical variables were analyzed by univariate logistic regression. The significant variables were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: There were significant statistical differences between experimental group and control group in terms of systolic blood pressure [(144.30±15.78) mmHg vs (125.9±66.11) mmHg, P<0.001], diastolic blood pressure [(89.46±12.76) mmHg vs (81.35±4.58) mmHg, P=0.001], and fasting blood glucose [(6.73±3.15) mmol/L vs (5.26±1.47) mmol/L, P=0.016], insulin [(26.60±19.09) mg/dL vs (13.43±7.68) mg/dL, P<0.001], C-peptide [(4.20±1.73) ng/mL vs (1.59±0.52) ng/mL, P=0.001], triglycerides [(2.42±1.88) mg/dL vs (1.45±0.79) mg/dL, P=0.007), estrogen [(52.32±21.77) ng/L vs (42.11±12.19) ng/L, P=0.023] and CRP [(6.49±4.96) mg/L vs (1.62±1.53) mg/L, P=0.037], but no statistical difference regarding high-density lipoprotein [(1.10±0.55) mg/dL vs (1.06±0.26) mg/dL, P=0.669] and serum testosterone [(275.00±100.68) ng/dL vs (280.28±85.52) ng/dL, P=0.823]. In addition, the experimental group had higher IPSS[(3.81±1.88) scores vs (0.69±0.30) scores, P<0.001] and QOL scores [(2.76±0.68) scores vs (0.12±0.08) scores, P<0.001] than the control group, and higher risk of LUTS [86.49% vs 42.31%, P<0.001], especially moderate LUTS ( 21.62% vs 0, P=0.011). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that obesity (body mass index≥30 kg/m²) was significantly associated with moderate LUTS risk (r=0.407, P<0.001); Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure, insulin, and C-peptide were important risk factors of moderate LUTS in young obese patients (P=0.009, 0.029, 0.002). Systolic blood pressure and fasting C-peptide were independent risk factors by multivariate logistic regression analysis (P=0.011, 0.003). Conclusions The middle severity of LUTS was prevalent in young obese males, and systolic blood pressure and C-peptide were its significant independent risk factors.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) represents a variety of sensorineural deafness conditions characterized by abnormal inner hair cells and/or auditory nerve function, but with the preservation of outer hair cell function. ANSD represents up to 15% of individuals with hearing impairments. Through mutation screening, bioinformatic analysis and expression studies, we have previously identified several apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) mitochondria-associated 1 (AIFM1) variants in ANSD families and in some other sporadic cases. Here, to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying each AIFM1 variant, we generated AIF-null cells using the clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system and constructed AIF-wild type (WT) and AIF-mutant (mut) (p.‍T260A, p.‍R422W, and p.‍R451Q) stable transfection cell lines. We then analyzed AIF structure, coenzyme-binding affinity, apoptosis, and other aspects. Results revealed that these variants resulted in impaired dimerization, compromising AIF function. The reduction reaction of AIF variants had proceeded slower than that of AIF-WT. The average levels of AIF dimerization in AIF variant cells were only 34.5%‍‒‍49.7% of that of AIF-WT cells, resulting in caspase-independent apoptosis. The average percentage of apoptotic cells in the variants was 12.3%‍‒‍17.9%, which was significantly higher than that (6.9%‍‒‍7.4%) in controls. However, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) treatment promoted the reduction of apoptosis by rescuing AIF dimerization in AIF variant cells. Our findings show that the impairment of AIF dimerization by AIFM1 variants causes apoptosis contributing to ANSD, and introduce NADH as a potential drug for ANSD treatment. Our results help elucidate the mechanisms of ANSD and may lead to the provision of novel therapies.
Humans ; Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism* ; NAD/metabolism* ; Dimerization ; Apoptosis