Abstract: Objective　To investigate the pollution of paralytic shellfish poisons (PSP) in shellfish sold in Hainan Province from 2018 to 2021. Methods　From 2018 to 2021, the content of 10 paralytic shellfish poisons including saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 1 (GTX1), gonyautoxins 2 (GTX2), gonyautoxins 3 (GTX3), gonyautoxins 4 (GTX4), gonyautoxins 5 (GTX5), decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), decarbamoylgonyau toxins 2 (dcGTX2) and decarbamoylgonyau toxins 3 (dcGTX3) in 7 kinds of shellfish commonly sold in 13 cities and counties in Hainan province was analyzed. Results　The detection rate of PSP in 360 shellfish samples was 10.3%. Among them, the highest detection rate of STX was 5.83%, followed by GTX2 detection rate of 4.17%; the detection rate of neoSTX and GTX3 were both 1.67%; the detection rate of GTX1 was 1.39%. None of the five PSP, GTX4, GTX5, dcSTX, dcGTX2 and dcGTX3, were detected. Four types of PSP were detected in fanscallops, two were detected in oysters, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata, only one was detected in scallops, and no toxin contamination was detected in clams and razor clams. A single sample of fanscallops detected a maximum of 4 PSP, and a single sample of oysters, scallops, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata detected a maximum of 1 PSP. The equivalence of PSP in all samples was ND-155.6 μg/kg.The annual detection rate of PSP from high to low was: 20.0% in 2020, 15.6% in 2019, 5.3% in 2018, and 2.0% in 2021, and none of the samples tested exceeded the standard. Continuously detectable STX in 2018-2020, all PSP that could be detected in 2018 were STX. In 2019, in addition to STX detected in scallops and Scapharca subcrenata, neoSTX was also detected in oysters, mussels and Scapharca subcrenata. In 2020, PSP was only detected from scallops, and GTX2 could be detected in all positive specimens, while 5 STX, 5 GTX1 and 6 GTX3 were detected. Only GTX2 detected from scallops in 2021. STX was detected in shellfish sold in 12 cities and counties, GTX2 can be detected in 10 cities and counties, neoSTX can be detected in 5 cities and counties, GTX1 and GTX2 were detected in 4 cities and counties respectively. Shellfish sold in Wenchang and Lingshui markets can detect 5 types of PSP. Conclusion　Some types of shellfish on the market in Hainan are contaminated with some kind of PSP pollution risks, and it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of PSP in marketed shellfish.

Objective: : To study the physiochemical characteristics of podophyllotoxin (PPT) conjugated stearic acid grafted chitosan oligosaccharide micelle (PPT-CSO-SA), and evaluate the ability of the potential antineoplastic effects against glioma cells. Methods: : PPT-CSO-SA was prepared by a dialysis method. The quality of PPT-CSO-SA including micellar size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency and drug release profiles was evaluated. Glioma cells were cultured and treated with PPT and PPT-CSO-SA. The ability of glioma cells to uptake PPT-CSO-SA was observed. The proliferation of glioma cells was determined by 3-[4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis and morphology of U251 cells were observed by 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) dye staining. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The migration ability of U251 cells was determined by wound healing test. Results: : PPT-CSO-SA had nano-level particle size and sustained release property. The encapsulation efficiency of drug reached a high level. The cellular uptake percentage of PPT in glioma cells was lower than that of PPT-CSO-SA (p<0.05). The inhibitory effect of PPT-CSO-SA on glioma cells proliferation was significantly stronger than that of PPT (p<0.05). The morphologic change of apoptosis cell such as shrinkage, karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis were observed. The percentage of U251 cells in G2/M phase increased significantly in the PPT-CSO-SA group compared with PPT group (p<0.05). Compared with the PPT group, the cell migration ability of the PPT-CSO-SA group was significantly inhibited after 12 and 24 hours (p<0.05). Conclusion : PPT-CSO-SA can effectively enhance the glioma cellular uptake of drugs, inhibit glioma cells proliferation and migration, induce G2/M phase arrest of them, and promote their apoptosis. It may be a promising anti-glioma nano-drug.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the prevalence and distribution of C-kit, NPM1 and FLT3 gene mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and to analyze the relationship between the gene mutations and their prognosis.

METHODSMutations in exon 8 and 17 of C-kit gene, exon 12 of NPM1 gene, exon 20 of FLT3-TKD gene, and exon 14/15 of FLT3-ITD gene were detected by direct sequencing. Clinical data was collected and followed up if the patient had accepted treatment in our hospital.

RESULTSAmong the 656 AML patients, mutations in C-kit exon 8 were found in 6 patients (0.9%), C-kit exon 17 in 33 (5.0%), NPM1 in 169 (25.8%), FLT3-TKD in 46 (7.1%), and FLT3-ITD in 178 (27.1%). Six subtypes of mutations were detected in C-kit exon 8, 8 in C-kit exon 17, 11 in FLT3-TKD, 15 in NPM1, of which 5 were not reported before. C-kit exon 17 mutations were more frequently detected in patients with t(8;21) and exon 8 in patients with inv(16) cytogenetic abnormality. No other gene mutations except FLT3 were detected in M(3) patients. NPM1 and ITD mutations were often detected in individuals with normal cytogenetics or M(5) and M(1) of FAB classification, and accompanied with high white blood cell counts in peripheral blood, high blast counts in bone marrow and low CD34 expression. The older the patients were when diagnosed, the more gene mutations and the higher white blood cell count were detected. More mutations were found in individuals with normal karyotype than that with other karyotypes. It appeared that FLT3-ITD was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.004), NPM1 was not significantly associated with OS, but NPM1(+)/ITD(-) patients had the longest OS.

CONCLUSIONSOur results showed that the mutation types and amounts had particular distribution in MICM subtypes, and were associated with white blood cell counts in peripheral blood, blast counts in bone marrow and prognosis. Especially for patients with normal karyotype, the genetic mutations could be new molecule marker.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; genetics ; Young Adult ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the application of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) and CT angiography (CTA) for detecting early signs of acute bowel ischemia (ABI) in experimental porcine models.

METHODSTwelve pigs were assigned to four groups with 3 in each group. The digital subtraction angiography of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the embolization of branches of SMA with gelatin sponge and blood clot were performed by percutaneous transfemoral artery puncture and catheterization. MDCT pre- and post-contrast scanning in the arterial, venous and delay phase and CTA with three-dimensional reconstruction were carried out at pre-operation, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h after occlusion. The normal mesenteric vascular anatomy, arterial occlusion, mesentery and bowel changes, and dynamic change were evaluated.

RESULTSABI changes were identified pathologically in all the 12 experimental pigs, and the severity of ischemia increased over time after embolization. CTA showed all 57 embolized branches of SMA and 29 of 34 unoccluded arterial branches with 5 false-positive vessel occlusions. The sensitivity and specificity of CTA were 100% and 85.3%, respectively. Thin-slab maximum intensity projection (TSMIP) revealed the disappearance of distal comb-like vessel branches and brush-like vasa recta, which were clearly delineated in the normal bowel segments. Using this criterion, TSMIP correctly defined 23 of 24 ischemic bowel segments and all the 12 normal bowel segments with a sensitivity of 95.8% and a specificity of 100%.

CONCLUSIONSMDCT and CTA reliably define normal and occluded mesenteric vessels in the pig. It can easily detect ischemic bowel segment by identified early changes of ischemia. The early direct ischemic signs are occluded vessels, the disappearance of distal comb-like branches or brush-like vasa recta, and poor bowel enhancement. The early indirect sign is bowel dilatation with fluid collection.

Angiography ; methods ; Animals ; Female ; Intestinal Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Ischemia ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Mesenteric Arteries ; diagnostic imaging ; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Mesentery ; blood supply ; Swine ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate relationship between expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and proliferative potency of endothelium in hemangioma (HM).

METHODSImmunohistochemical staining was used to detect expression of iNOS and Ki-67 protein in 49 cases of HM and 29 cases of vascular malformation (VM).

RESULTSExpressive rate of iNOS and Ki-67 protein of 49 cases of HM was 38% and (10.98 +/- 7.93)%. Expressive rate of iNOS and Ki-67 protein of 29 cases of VM was respectively 3% and (0.03 +/- 0.19)%. The expressive rate of iNOS and Ki-67 protein of HM was significantly higher than that of VM (P = 0.001 and 0). The expressive rate of Ki-67 protein of HM of proliferative phase was (12.67 +/- 7.65)% , which was significantly higher than that of HM of extinctive phase, (7.27 +/- 7.49)% (P = 0.028).

CONCLUSIONSExpression of iNOS and Ki-67 protein of HM is significantly higher than that of VM, and the proliferative potency of HM is significantly higher than that of VM.

Child, Preschool ; Endothelium ; metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular ; cytology ; Female ; Hemangioma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Infant ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Male ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and safety of the treatment for thoracolumbar fractures with pedicle screw at the fracture level and vertebroplasty via paraspinal approach.

METHODSFrom August 2007 to August 2010, 22 old patients with thoracolumbar fractures were treated with pedicle screw at the fracture level and vertebroplasty via paraspinal approach. There were 14 males and 8 females, ranging in age from 60 to 71 years (mean, 64.6 years). The time from injury to surgery varied from 1 to 4 d (mean,2.7 d). All the patients suffered from single thoracolumbar fractures and located at T11 in 2 cases, at T12 in 5 cases, at L1 in 11 cases and at L2 in 4 cases. According to the Denis fracture classification, there were 6 compression fractures and 16 burst fractures. The mean preoperative load-sharing classification of spine fractures was 5.4 score. The mean preoperative thoracolumbar injury classification and scoring was 5.2. Based on the ASIA neurologic grading system, preoperative neurological function was grade B in 2 cases,grade C in 3 cases, grade D in 7 cases and grade E in 10 cases. The neurological function, vertebral central and anterior height, kyphotic angle of the vertebral fractures by radiographs and visual analog scale were calculated pre-operatively, post-operatively and at the last follow-up.

RESULTSMedian operating time was 60.8 min (ranged from 50 to 95 min) and median blood loss was 84 ml (ranged from 50 to 130 ml). The operative incisions were healed well. The duration of follow-up averaged 21.6 months (ranged from 12 to 48 months). The anterior vertebral body height was corrected from preoperative (52.3 +/- 10.3) % to postoperative (6.1 +/- 4.2) % and (6.8 +/- 5.4) % at the last follow-up. The central vertebral body height was corrected from preoperative (38.9 +/- 11.2) % to postoperative (8.3 +/- 4.7) % and (9.4 +/- 4.5)% at the last follow-up. The Cobbs angle of the injured vertebral segment was corrected from preoperative (19.5 +/- 9.5) degrees to postoperative (4.3 +/- 4.1) degrees and (6.2 +/- 4.7) degrees at the last follow-up. The VAS scores reduced from preoperative 8.56 +/- 0.88 to post-operative 3.48 +/- 0.91 and 3.20 +/- 0.92 at the last follow-up. The postoperative neurologic function of all 22 patients improved 1 to 2 degrees except 10 patients of grade E. There were no instances of instrumentation failure and no patient had persistent postoperative back pain.

CONCLUSIONThe pedicle screw at the fracture level and vertebroplasty via paraspinal approach has the advantages of less invasive and blood loss, and could prevent the development of kyphosis and offers improvement of the spinal cord function. Furthermore, it could decrease the risks of postoperative back pain and the failure of instrumentation.

Aged ; Bone Screws ; Female ; Humans ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recovery of Function ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Cord ; physiopathology ; Spinal Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vertebroplasty ; instrumentation

OBJECTIVETo study the expression and significance of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in epithelial ovarian tumors.

METHODSThe expression of HIF-1alpha mRNA in 295 patients with epithelial ovarian tumor was analyzed retrospectively by high-throughput tissue microarray and in situ hybridization, which was compared with 13 normal ovarian tissue samples.

RESULTSThe expression rates of HIF-1alpha mRNA were 0, 13.2%, 42.1% and 81.9% in normal ovarian tissue, benign, borderline and malignant ovarian tumors. Expression rate of HIF-1alpha mRNA in borderline and invasive tumor was significantly higher than those in normal ovarian tissue and benign tumor (P < 0.001). Statistical analysis revealed that the expression of HIF-1alpha mRNA was not related to FIGO stages or histological subtypes. Close negative relation was observed between the expression of HIF-1alpha mRNA and tumor histological differentiation (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONThe overexpression of HIF-1alpha may play an important role in oncogenesis of epithelial ovarian tumor. Tissue microarray is an efficient technique of molecular biology.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; analysis ; genetics ; In Situ Hybridization ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Ovary ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Tissue Array Analysis ; methods

OBJECTIVEIn order to provide readers with general concepts and methodology on adaptive designs for clinical trial.

METHODSDefinition of adaptive designs for clinical trial and basic idea of adaptive adjustment were introduced through an example.

RESULTSThe relationship between adaptive designs and group sequential design was summarized. Ways to embody two basic statistical rules of clinical trial under adaptive adjustments setting were also introduced.

CONCLUSIONAdaptive designs provided clinical trial with a great flexibility, which could greatly improve the efficiency of clinical trial.

Clinical Trials as Topic ; methods ; Humans ; Research Design

OBJECTIVEIn order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of group A + C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine, a controlled field trial was performed among children at 6-24 months and 5-13 years old in Longsheng county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

METHODSMore than 600 children were selected in this trial. 428 children, aged 6-24 month-old and 5-13 year-old were involved in two experimental groups and were inoculated 100 microg of group A + C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. 103 children in positive control group were inoculated 50 microg of group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine while 94 children in negative control group were inoculated 30 microg of Typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine. Both systemic and local reactions were observed in each group at 6 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after inoculation. Blood samples were collected in all children before and at 1 month after inoculation. Additionally, at least 50 blood samples were taken in each experimental group at 6 and 12 months after inoculation. Serum bactericidal antibody was tested by micro bactericidal test.

RESULTSBoth systemic and local reactions were mild in two experimental groups with only 3 children (0.7%) had > or = 37. 6 degrees C fever, 4 children (0.9%) appeared mild areola but all adverse reaction disappeared within 48 hours. In 5-13 year-old experimental group, the rates for four-fold increase of bactericidal antibody were 96.59% and 92.15% to group A and group C meningococcus respectively at 1 month after inoculation, and remained 90.91% and 90.08% at 12 months after inoculation.

CONCLUSIONGroup A + C meningococal polysaccharide vaccine was safe and having good immunogenicity among Chinese children.

Adolescent ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Meningococcal Vaccines ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines ; adverse effects ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo identify the distribution and differentiation of ABL kinase domain mutation in the Chinese Han nationality imatinib resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+)ALL).

METHODSBone marrow or peripheral blood samples of 112 imatinib resistant CML patients and 21 Ph(+)ALL patients were obtained from the first affiliated hospital of Soochow university according to local law. Total RNA was extracted from the mononuclear cells using a TRIzol reagent. ABL kinase domain (KD) mutation was detected by direct sequencing.

RESULTSOf the 112 imatinib resistant CML patients, 54.46%(61 cases) had ABL KD mutation. Twenty-three mutants were identified in 20 amino acid sites and 23.21% (26 cases) ABL KD mutations were in P-loop region. ABL KD mutations were also detected in 71.43% (15 cases) imatinib resistant Ph(+)ALL patients, with 10 mutations in 8 amino acid sites. The most frequent mutation was T315I (28.57%), followed by E255K/V (19.05%) and Y253F/H (14.29%). The frequency of T315I was much higher in imatinib resistant Ph(+) ALL than that in imatinib resistant CML (P = 0.001). Ph(+)ALL with additional chromosomal aberrations also had a higher rate of ABL KD mutation than that of CML (P = 0.010). Ph(+)ALL gained ABL KD mutation faster than CML (P < 0.010).

CONCLUSIONChinese imatinib resistant CML and Ph(+)ALL patients had different characteristics in ABL KD mutation. The rate of ABL KD mutation in Ph(+)ALL with additional chromosomal aberrations was much higher than that of CML with additional chromosomal aberrations.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Benzamides ; pharmacology ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Imatinib Mesylate ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Philadelphia Chromosome ; Piperazines ; pharmacology ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-abl ; genetics ; Pyrimidines ; pharmacology ; Young Adult