Two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) were treated by a Pd/Fe catalyst in aqueous solutions through catalytic amination and dechlorination. Nitrochlorobenzenes are rapidly converted to form chloroanilines (CAN) first through an amination process, and then rapidly dechlorinated to become aniline (AN) and Cl(-), without the involvement of any other intermediate reaction products. The amination and dechlorination reaction are believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The dechlorination rate of the reductive degradation of the two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene (o-, and p-NCB) in the presence of Pd/Fe as a catalyst was measured experimentally. In all cases, the reaction rate constants were found to increase with the decrease in the Gibbs free energy (correlation with the activation energy) of NCBs formation; the activation energy of each dechlorination reaction was measured to be 95.83 and 77.05 kJ/mol, respectively for o- and p-NCB. The results demonstrated that p-NCBs were reduced more easily than o-NCBs.
Catalysis ; Industrial Waste ; prevention & control ; Iron ; chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Metals ; chemistry ; Nitrobenzenes ; chemistry ; Palladium ; chemistry ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; methods ; Water ; chemistry ; Water Purification ; methods

San'ao Decoction (SD) and its analogous formulas derived in the following generations are common used prescriptions for treating pulmonary diseases with principal symptoms such as cough and asthma. They are usually compatible with Chinese herbs for facilitating Fei, dispelling wind, resolving phlegm and fluid retention. Material bases in these formulas are mainly derived from Chinese drugs, but dissolution contents of active components are changed and new components are produced after compatibility. By multilevel effect evaluation, these analogous formulas all have commonness in ventilating Fei and superiorities of evidence-based derivation. The effect pathway of commonness was involved in cell structure protection, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and immunoregulation.
Asthma ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Chinese medicine pairs (CMP) are specific compatibility with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory as principle, which was formed on basis of effect and treatment theory of TCM. The compatibility of CMP can enhance the effect, or reduce the toxicity. So, compatibility effects of CMP were studied from different pharmacology levels including animals, tissues and organs, cell and molecular levels, their synergy and compatibility attenuation were also evaluated with monomer component-component (group) compatibility-single herb-CMP-formulae as the main line, and the action mechanisms were investigated, all of which can provide scientific basis for the clinical applications of CMP and creation of TCM new drugs.
Animals ; Drug Interactions ; Drug Synergism ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; adverse effects ; methods

Resource of traditional Chinese medicine residue is an inevitable choice to form new industries characterized of modem, environmental protection and intensive in the Chinese medicine industry. Based on the analysis of source and the main chemical composition of the herb residue, and for the advantages of membrane science and technology used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially membrane separation technology used in improvement technical reserves of traditional extraction and separation process in the pharmaceutical industry, it is proposed that membrane science and technology is one of the most important choices in technological design of traditional Chinese medicine resource industrialization. Traditional Chinese medicine residue is a very complex material system in composition and character, and scientific and effective "separation" process is the key areas of technology to re-use it. Integrated process can improve the productivity of the target product, enhance the purity of the product in the separation process, and solve many tasks which conventional separation is difficult to achieve. As integrated separation technology has the advantages of simplified process and reduced consumption, which are in line with the trend of the modern pharmaceutical industry, the membrane separation technology can provide a broad platform for integrated process, and membrane separation technology with its integrated technology have broad application prospects in achieving resource and industrialization process of traditional Chinese medicine residue. We discuss the principles, methods and applications practice of effective component resources in herb residue using membrane separation and integrated technology, describe the extraction, separation, concentration and purification application of membrane technology in traditional Chinese medicine residue, and systematically discourse suitability and feasibility of membrane technology in the process of traditional Chinese medicine resource industrialization in this paper.
Biomedical Research ; instrumentation ; methods ; trends ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; instrumentation ; methods ; trends ; Membranes, Artificial ; Phytotherapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; trends ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; trends

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious chronic disease with high incidence, poor prognosis, and a variety of complications. Indoxyl-sulfate (IS) and p-cresol sulfate (PCS) are two typical gut-derived uremic toxins, which are produced by the co-metabolism of intestinal microbes and the host. With the progression of CKD, gut-derived uremic toxins such as IS and PCS accumulate in patients with CKD and thereafter accelerate the progression of CKD. Gut microbiota is closely related with CKD, and targeting gut microbiota to regulate gut-derived uremic toxins synthesis and metabolic pathways may be a promising strategy to delay the progression of CKD. In this paper, the relationship between gut microbiota, gut-derived uremic toxins, and CKD was analyzed, and the strategy to delay the progression of CKD by targeting gut microbiota and uremic toxins metabolism pathway was proposed.

The objects of research on the resources chemistry of Chinese medicinal materials (RCCMM) are promotion of efficient production, rational utilization and improving quality of CMM and natural products. The development of TCM cause depends on the efficient utilization and sustainable development of CMM, hinges on the technologies and methods for using and discovering medicinal biological resources, stand or fall on the extension of industy chains, detailed utilizaion of resource chemical components by multi-way, multi-level. All of these may help to the recycling utilization and sound development of RCMM. In this article, five respects were discussed to the RCCMM researches and resources recycling utilization ways and goals and tasks. First, based on the principle of resource scarcity, discovering or replacing CMM resources, protecting the rare or endangered species or resources. Second, based on the multifunctionality of CMM, realizing the value-added and value compensation, and promoting the utilization efficiency through systermatic and detailed exploitation and utilization. Third, based on the resource conservation and environment-friendly, reducing raw material consumption, lowering cost, promoting recycling utilization and elevating utilization efficiency. Fourth, based on the stratege of turning harm into good, using the invasive alien biological resources by multi-ways and enriching the medicial resources. Fifth, based on the method of structure modification of chemical components, exploring and enhancing the utility value of resouces chemical substances. These data should provide references and attention for improving the utilization efficiency, promoting the development of recycling economy, and changing the mode of economic growth of agriculture and industry of CMM fundamentally.
Agriculture ; economics ; trends ; China ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; economics ; trends ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; economics ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; economics ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics ; trends ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; growth & development

Objective To explore the long-term effect of bronchial artery, embolization (BAE) in patients with massive hemoptysis and the factors associated with prognosis. Methods Ninety six patients underwent BAE from 2002 to 2008 for the management of mass hemoptysis were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, BAE was successfully performed in 94 patients (mean age 43 years, age range 21 to 80 years), including active or inactive tuberculosis (89 cases), bronchiectasis (2 cases) and pulmonary carcinoma (5 cases). Results BAE resulted in an immediate cessation of hemoptysis in 94 of the initial 96 patients (97.9%). The rate of hemoptysis controlling at 30 d, 90 d, 1 year and 2 year after the BAE was 93.6% (88/94), 86. 2% (81/94), 81.9% (77/94) and 78.7% (74/94) respectively. Haemoptysis recurred in 9 patients in 30 days after the BAE due to missing of target vessel or recanalization. Five patients had recurrence of haemoptysis after 30 days and 2 patients recurrent after 90 days due to development of systemic collateral, progress in primary lesions and secondary infection. Conclusion BAE is an effective technique in the emergency treatment of massive hemoptysis. Avoiding missing target vessel, selecting the appropriate embolic material, paying attention to treatment of the primary disease after BAE, and preventing infection would improve the effects of BAE for massive hemoptysis.

BACKGROUNDIn clinical studies there is still a lot of controversy about the increased anterior and rotational stability between double-bundle (DB) and single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of four-tunnel DB ACL reconstruction.

METHODSSixty-four consecutive patients with ACL ruptures from May 2005 to May 2006 were randomly assigned into two groups: 32 cases for SB ACL reconstruction and 32 cases for DB ACL reconstruction. Clinical data, including KT 2000, Biodex test, Lysholm score, Tegner score and IKDC score, were prospectively collected until at least 10 months post-operative.

RESULTSThe average values of KT 2000 were (1.47 +/- 1.17) mm and (1.68 +/- 1.14) mm for the SB and DB ACL reconstruction groups at 30 degrees of knee flexion (P > 0.05), and were (1.04 +/- 0.98) mm and (1.13 +/- 0.98) mm at 90 degrees of knee flexion (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences in Lysholm score, Tegner score, IKDC score and Biodex test scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). The operation time of DB ACL reconstruction was 20 minutes longer than the SB ACL reconstruction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONDouble bundle ACL reconstructions have no obvious clinical advantages over single bundle ACL reconstructions.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; surgery ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Orthopedic Procedures ; methods ; Prospective Studies ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Tendons ; transplantation ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

The industrialization chains and their products, which were formed from the process of the production of medicinal materials-prepared drug in pieces and deep processed product of Chinese material medica (CMM) resources, have generated large benefits of social and economic. However, The large of herb-medicine castoff of "non-medicinal parts" and "rejected materials" produced inevitably during the process of Chinese medicinal resources produce and process, and the residues, waste water and waste gas were produced during the manufactured and deep processed product of CMM. These lead to the waste of resources and environmental pollution. Our previous researches had proposed the "three utilization strategies" and "three types of resources models" of herb-medicine castoff according to the different physicochemical property of resources constitutes, resources potential and utility value of herb-medicine castoff. This article focus on the conversion efficiency of resources model and analysis the ways, technologies, practices, and application in herb-medicine cast off of the conversion efficiency of resources model based on the recycling economy theory of resources and thoughts of resources chemistry of CMM. These data may be promote and resolve the key problems limited the industrialization of Chinese material medica for long time and promote the realization of herb-medicine castoff resources utilization.
Biotransformation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; methods ; Drug Industry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Materia Medica ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Research Design

The combination of Angelicae sinensis Radix (Danggui, DG) and Astragali Radix (Huangqi, HQ) is a popular herb pair commonly used in clinic for the treatment of blood deficiency syndrome in China. The aim of this paper is to study the interaction of DG and HQ nourishing and tonifying blood effects by response surface method. The blood deficiency mice were induced by injecting N-acetylphenylhydrazine (sc) and cyclophosphamide (ip). The blood deficiency mice were administrated intragastrically with DG-HQ extracts (0:1, 1: 5, 2:5, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 5:2, 5:1, 1:0). The changes of the peripheral blood indexes and organ indexes were observed. The indexes were integrated by comprehensive index method; the interactions of DG and HQ were analyzed by the response surface diagram established with Matlab software. The results showed that DG and HQ at most of their combination ratios had synergic effect. Within the range of 1:5 - 5:1, all of the extracts of DG-HQ showed synergic effect, and among which, high-doses had better effects than low-doses. The highest value (-1) of the synergic effect was showed when DG was 10 - 40 g at the same time of HQ as 90 -180 g, and DG was 50 - 100 g at the same time of HQ as 20 - 100 g. DG-HQ at all combination dosages within Chinese Pharmacopeia (DG: 6 - 12 g, HQ: 9 - 30 g) had certain synergic effect, and Danggui Buxue Decoction (DG: 6 g, HQ: 30 g) also was at this range. The results provided scientific basis to the clinical application of DG and HQ. And the response surface method was firstly applied to quantitatively evaluate the bio-activity change of herb combination, which provided a novel way for modern basic research on the interaction of herbs.
Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Animals ; Astragalus membranaceus ; chemistry ; Blood Cell Count ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Interactions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Female ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation