Technical standards were supports that not only for any profession’s development, but also for the basic means of modern quality control.Forensic clinical medicine has developed nearly 40 years in china, there are 23 normative technical documents at present, the range of its application has been expanding with time, the caseload has been more than 1 million pieces per year all the country. Reviewing these standards, it can be seen: Technital standard of forensic clinical medicine has absorbed a large number of advanced international ideas, assimilating plenty of practice experience at the same time, standard's system has been initially formed, it has become one of the important means to guarantee the quality of medicolegal expertise. Certainly, the construction of forensic clinical standardization in China is still an arduous task, there are also many outstanding contradiction in the existing standards, our studies on international standards were not in-depth, and so on. In the future, forensic science experts still need to strengthen the companion study of technical standards and laws or regulations, intensify tracing and evaluating of international standards in order to form more adaptive and advanced technical standards.

Burns ; Periodicals as Topic

Periodicals as Topic

Objective To study the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS),endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human gastric cancer and their relationship with tumor angiogenesis and to investigate the interaction of NOS and VEGF in gastric cancer.Methods The expression and distribution of VEGF, iNOS and eNOS in 34 gastric cancer specimens were detected with immunohistochemistry. Microvessel density (MVD) was counted with FⅧRAg immune specific staining.Results The expression rates of iNOS, eNOS and VEGF in 34 gastric cancers were 73.5%, 82.4%and 91.2%respectively. The expression of VEGF had a significant positive relation with iNOS, but not with eNOS. The MVDs of VEGF or iNOS positive gastric cancers were obviously higher than those of VEGF or iNOS negative gastric cancers. There was no significant difference between the MVDs of eNOS positive gastric cancers and eNOS negative ones. Conclusion MVD increases with increase of expression of VEGF and iNOS in gastric cancer. It is indicated that VEGF and iNOS can promote gastric cancer angiogenesis. VEGF and iNOS have a significant positive correlation, which suggests that in human gastric cancer, iNOS plays an important role in the production and action of VEGF.

The theory of cancer stem cells proposed that recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer are closely related to liver cancer stem cells.The traditional surgical treatment of liver cancer simply kills those rapidly proliferating tunor cells instead of eliminating hepatic cancer stem cells which play decisive role in recurrence and metastasis.As far as people have concerned,there are many signaling pathways and regulatory factors modulating liver cancer stem cells,such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,TGF-β pathway,Notch pathway,Hedgehog pathway,hepatitis B virus,as well as epigenetics.Further studies on regulatory mechanisms of liver cancer stem cells are of great significance,in hope of providing new evidence for treatment and prevention of recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer.

In condition of direct vision on fundus of eye, microperimeter can quantitatively detect the retinal light sensitivity of macular area, and record real time tracking of the eye, automatically analyze the location and stability of fixation. Microperimeter matches fundus image with micro cyclogram point-to-point, thus it achieves the combination of visual function and structure. The characteristics of microperimeter have good relations with subjective vision, so it can be a new method for the accurate vision evaluation and has application potential to assess the visual function in legal medicine. In this ar-ticle, we summarize the principle, method and parameters of microperimeter. Also, the applications of microperimeter in vision assessment are focused in order to provide a reference for the assessment of visual function in the legal medicine.

Endocrine therapy targeting estrogen pathway is one of the ifrst-line treatment choices of advanced breast cancer. Fulvestrant is a pure estrogen antagonist that blocks and downgrades estrogen receptor, which makes it effective in the treatment of progression after prior endocrine therapy. Fulvestrant 250 mg per month regime was approved for postmenopausal women with hormone-positive advanced breast cancer after progression or recurrence on antiestrogen therapy. Fulvestrant 500 mg per month regime was approved by the EMA and the US FDA in the same population based on the CONFIRM trial which proved improved efifcacy and similar tolerance compared with 250 mg regime. Recent trials were focused in the ifrst-line treatment and combination use with other therapeutics. This review discusses the advances of fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with hormone-positive advanced breast cancer.

Alzheimer′s disease(AD)is one of the most common causes of cognitive impairment.“Aβhypothesis”and“tau protein aggregation hypothesis”are two representative hypotheses in relation to AD pathology. But recently,therapeutic strategy target?ing on reducing Aβdeposition failed in clinical trials. On the other hand,as the phosphorylation of tau protein is regulated by multiple upstream kinases,inhibition of a single kinase usually cannot effectively suppress the aggregation of the tau. While blocking multiple kinases at the same time will produce serious side effects. Currently,targeting on Aβand tau protein get into awkward situations. In view of this,researchers are looking for new drug targets for improving cognitive function. Phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4 4)is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of cAMP in the body. There are four subtypes for PDE4,and PDE4A,B and D are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Inhibition of PDE4 causes activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF signal pathway,which is beneficial for the strengthening and consolidation of learning and memory. This review will focus on the most recent evidence regarding the role of PDE4 in learning and memory.

Objective To discuss CT and MRI performance and pathologic features about pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP)con‐firmed by pathology which improves the PMP diagnosis level .Methods The CT and MRI informations about five cases with pseud‐omyxoma peritonei confirmed by abdominal puncture or surgery were analyzed retrospectively .Analyze the CT and MRI performance and clinical pathologic characteristics .Results In 5 cases ,one case of appendiceal mucous adenocarcinoma ,one case of acute appendi‐citis surgeried 2 years ago ,one case without any primary tumor ,one case of duodenal mucous adenocarcinoma ,one case of bilateral ovarian cancer with intra‐abdominal separated cystic lesion and/or peritoneal diffuse pie “frozen abdomen” change showed by CT , MRI ,and one case with pressure trace like scallops sample and multiple nodular around liver and spleen .Conclusion The lesion area and the shape of peritoneum pseudo myxoma can be showed by CT ,MRI scans .There is a certain special imaging feature .

Objective To investigate the risk factors of Gallstone Disease ( GD) by a meta-analy-sis, which hopefully will help to develop a strategy for its prevention .Methods Thirty case-control studies on risk factors of GD in Chinese patients reported from 1987 to 2014 were included .A quantitative compre-hensive analysis and a heterogeneity test were conducted and the OR value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by using Stata 12.0.Results A family history of GD [OR(95%CI):2.73(2.22~3.35)], alcohol drinking [OR(95%CI):1.53(1.20~1.97)], a history of biliary tract roundworm [OR (95%CI):5.28(3.10 ~9.00)], a history of biliary tract infection [OR(95%CI): 28.50(19.22 ~42.26 ) ] , a BMI≥25 kg/m2 [ OR ( 95%CI ):1.70 ( 1.51~1.92 ) ] , greasy food intake [ OR ( 95%CI ):3.27(1.76~6.07)], a non-vegetarian diet [OR(95%CI):2.03(1.48~2.77)], hyperlipidemia [OR (95%CI):2.26(1.88~2.71)], menopause [OR(95%CI):3.25(2.49~4.24)] and multiple preg-nancies [OR(95%CI):1.56(1.29~1.88)] were risk factors of GD in China.Besides, milk drinking [OR(95%CI):0.43(0.34~0.55)] and regular breakfast [OR(95%CI):0.19(0.06~0.64)] were protective factors of GD.Tea drinking [OR(95%CI): 0.43(0.34 ~0.55)], smoking [OR(95%CI):0.86(0.51~1.45)], and a vegetarian diet [OR(95%CI):0.24(0.05~1.13)] were possible GD’s protective factors as they were not statistically significant .Conclusion Having breakfast , drinking milk , keeping fit , less alcohol and avoiding Ascaris infection prevent the occurrence of GD in China .