Oral rehabilitation restores form and function and impacts on general health.Teeth provide a discriminating sense of touch and directional specificity for occlusal perception,management of food with mastication and swallowing,and awareness of its texture and hard-ness.Peripheral feedback for control of jaw muscles includes the enamel-dentine-pulp complex and mechanoreceptors in the periodontal tis-sues.The implications of feedback from periodontal and other intra-oral mechanoreceptors as well as changes in central representation are significant for function and adaptation to oral rehabilitation.With implants,in the absence of the periodontium and periodontal mechanore-ceptor feedback,fine motor control of mastication is reduced,but patients are still able to function adequately.Further,there is no signifi-cant difference in function with full-arch fixed prostheses on teeth in comparison with implants.Predictable implant outcomes depend on bone support.Optimum restoration design appears to be significant for bone remodelling and bone strains around implants with occlusal loading. Finite element analysis data confirmed load concentrations at the coronal bone around the upper section of the implant where bone loss is com-monly observed clinically.Load concentration increased with steeper cusp inclination and broader occlusal table and decreased with central fossa loading and narrower occlusal table size.It is recommended that occlusal design should follow a narrow occlusal table,with central fossa loading in intercuspal contact and low cusp inclination to minimise lateral loading in function and parafunction.Acknowledging these features should address potential problems associated with the occlusion in implant therapy.

Objective To compare the effects of transcranial and trans-spinal low frequency magnetic stimulation (MS) on the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in the spinal neurons of rats after spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Forty-five Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided randomly into a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) group,a trans-spinal cord magnetic stimulation group and a model control group with 15 in each group.Another 6 rats served as a normal control group.Spinal cord injury at the T9-10 level was modeled according to the modified Allen's method.The rats in the two MS groups received magnetic stimulation at 0.5 Hz and 75％ of the maximum output intensity ( 1.9 T) of the magnetic stimulator beginning 24 h post injury.They received 30 pulses daily for 28 days while the rats in the model control group were not exposed to MS.Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale scores and motion evoked potentials (MEPs) were measured at the 1st,7th,14th,21 st and 28th day post injury.The expression of GAP-43 protein was studied using immunohistochemical methods and semi-quantified by Western blotting. Results At the 4th week post injury the average BBB scores in the model control group,the TMS group and the trans-spinal cord magnetic stimulation group were all significantly different. MEP amplitudes decreased significantly in all groups after the injury,and the latency was prolonged,but there were no significant differences among groups at any time point.GAP-43 expression also increased after SCI,and it was significantly higher in the MS groups than in the model control group at 4 weeks. Moreover,the expression of GAP-43 in the trans-spinal cord MS group was significantly greater than in the TMS group.Conclusion Magnetic stimulation can promote nerve regeneration and improve locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury,at least in rats.The effect of trans-spinal cord magnetic stimulation is superior to that of TMS.The mechanism may be related to the activation of central pattern generators.

Protein kinase B (PKB), a serine/threonine kinase Akt, regulates many vital cellular functions, such as cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression and glucose metabolism, etc. Akt/PKB carries out these functions mainly through phosphorylation of a number of cellular substrates. As one of the important substrates of Akt, FOXO transcription factors have attracted more and more attention in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis. FOXO transcription factors are primarily regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signal pathway via phosphorylation,and re-positioning accompanied by sub-cellular distribution. This article reviews the role of FOXO transcri ption factors in neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of cesarean section operation incision infection ,so as to provide refer‐ence for preventing and controlling cesarean section operation incision infection effectively .Methods A total of 29 cases were se‐lected who hospitalized in our hospital during December 2011 and December 2012 and whose incision of cesarean operation was in‐fected as the observation group .They were retrospectively analyzed .Then another 29 cases were chosen whose incision of cesarean operation was not infected as the control group .The clinical data in two groups were compared and the risk of infected incision were investigated .Results The incision infection occurred in 29 of 589 cases undergoing cesarean section with the infection rate 4 .9% . Univariate analysis showed that ,the maternal BMI in observation group was (25 .9 ± 1 .1)kg /m2 ,uterine scar for 6 cases ,emergency operation for 18 cases ,operation time was(1 .2 ± 0 .6) h ,the hospitalization time was (7 .1 ± 2 .3) d ,6 cases with underlying disease , premature rupture of membranes for 12 cases ,the vagina and anus diagnosis number was(3 .3 ± 0 .6) times ,the comparison with the control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P< 0 .05) .Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed ,BMI (OR =2 .802) ,operation time (OR = 5 .813) ,with basic diseases (OR = 6 .182) ,premature rupture of membranes (OR = 11 .219) were risk factors for cesarean section operation incision infection .Conclusion There are many factors that can influence the surgical incision infections .It is necessary for the high‐risk population to take effective measures to prevent surgical incision infections .

Objective: To study the microcosmic and pathological changes of compressed premaxillary suture in rabbit models with the cleft in premaxilla.Method: 12 male New Zealand rabbits, at the age of 3 weeks were designed randomly into 3 groups with 4 in each. In group 1and 2 a retropress force of 2.24 and 1.12 N was applied on the maxilla of the animals respectively. The other group was the control. The experimental animals were killed and compressed premaxilla suture specimens were examined by microscopy and electron microscopy 3,6,9 and 12 weeks after operation respectively. Result:In group 1 disturbance of microstructure and degeneration of osteoblasts were observed 3 and 6 weeks after application of the compress force. In control group normal bone structure and development of maxilla were observed. The microcosmic changes in group 2 were similar to those in group 1, but slighter. The microcostructure in the compressed premaxilla tended to be normal 9 weeks after operation. Conclusion:Compress force on premaxillary suture may result in limited pathological changes of the bone during early developing stage.

Objective To investigate the expression levels of miR-146a in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMCs ) of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy ( DPN ) and their correlation with the disease severity. Methods The expression levels of miR-146a in the PBMCs were measured by using real time PCR in 62 patients with type 2 diabetes (32 patients without DPN, 30 with DPN) and 33 healthy individuals. The correlation of miR-146a expression with clinical parameters was analyzed. Results The expression level of miR-146a in patients withtype2diabetesmellituswassignificantlylowerthanthatinthehealthyindividuals((1.92±1.99vs4.15±1.56, P<0. 05). Furthermore, the miR-146a level was significantly lowered in diabetic patients with DPN as compared with thosewithoutDPN(1.22±1.61vs2.51±2.00,P<0.05). TheexpressionlevelsofmiR-146ainpatientswithDPN were positively correlated with duration of diabetes, blood glucose, and Toronto clinical scoring system scores. Conclusion The decreased expression of miR-146a in patients with DPN is correlated with the severity of DPN.

Objective To investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA ) level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN ) in middle‐aged and elderly population. Methods A total of 207 middle‐aged and elderly patients with T2DM were enrolled in this study. All the subjects were divided into two groups:T2DM only group and DPN group. The DPN group was further divided into three subgroups (mild ,moderate and severe group) according to TCSS score. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate each index ,and binary logistic regression was used for statistical analysis of risk factors for DPN.Results SBP ,UACR ,BUN ,Scr ,TC ,LDL‐C and SUA were significantly higher in DPN group than in T2DM group. SUA were significantly increased together with the increase of the severity of DPN [(279.66 ± 56.53)vs(308.93 ± 52.96)vs(330.24 ± 48.79) μmol/L](P<0.05). Conclusion SUA level is an risk factor for the development of DPN in the middle‐aged and elders with T2DM. SUA is positively correlated with the severity of DPN.

Objective To explore the associations between polymorphisms of Vitamin D receptor gene and type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Methods Literatures were retrieved from PubMed ,Web of Science and WanFang databases ,etc.Pooled odds ratios(ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model. Results A total of 28 literatures were included. The result of analysis showed that BsmI and ApaI polymorphism were the susceptibility gene for T 1DM in Asian populations [B vs b;OR(95% CI)=1.53(1.06~2.20) ,P=0.024 ;AA vs aa:OR(95% CI)=1.60(1.06~2.40) ,P= 0.023]. Conclusion The BsmI and ApaI polymorphism may be susceptibility gene in Asians populations with T1DM.

Objective:To investigate the inhibition control characteristics in college students with mobile phone addiction,then to design tactics to enhance their inhibition control ability.Methods:Totally 150 college students were surveyed with the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI)to filter out the high and low mobile phone addiction.Thirty students with more than eight affirmative answers to the seventeen MPAI items were selected as the mobile phone addiction group while another 30 students with less than eight affirmative answers were selected as non addicts group of MPAI.All participants were asked to complete task of stop signal.Results:In college students with mobile phone addiction,the stop-signal reaction times were longer than that in the students without mobile phone addiction [(292.0 ±89.4)ms vs.(241.1 ±95.7)ms,P <0.05],while the non-signal reaction times were shorter than that in those without mobile phone addiction [(494.2 ±103.8)ms vs.(597.6 ±108.9 )ms,P<0.01].Conclusion:It suggests that the college students with mobile phone addiction may have poorer inhibitory control.

Objective:To study quality of life and life satisfaction among the elderly population dwelling in Ji'nan. Method:1386 elderly people were interviewed with“the Short-Form 36 Health Survey Scale”by the investigators who were trained in advance.Results:The prevalence rate of chronic diseases was 65.1%. The main influencing factors of life satisfaction were mental health condition, family harmony, marriage condition, chronic diseases, and income. The main influencing factors of life quality are life satisfaction, chronic diseases, mental health condition, activities of daily life, family harmony, and income.Conclusion:Life satisfaction is closely associated with life quality of elderly people. The physical, psychological, social and economic conditions have significant effect on life quality of elderly people.