Sustained release drug delivery from microparticles is an excellent alternative for daily protein/peptide drug administration protocol. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are the most commonly used polymer carriers in the development of protein/peptide microspheres. Basically there are three preparation methods for PLA/PLGA microspheres: the solvent extraction/evaporation based multiple emulsion (W/O/W emulsion) method, the phase separation method and the spray drying method. The stability of the protein/pipetide loaded, encapsulation efficiency, and the burst effect of the microspheres are key problems usually met in the preparation of microspheres. In this review the preparation techniques and progress in the development of protein/pipetide microspheres which aimed to stabilize protein/peptide structural integrity, keep the bioactivity of drugs, increase the encapsulation efficiency and improve the release profile were summarized and evaluated.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Voriconazole on invasive fungal infections in very elderly patients.Methods Clinical data of 24 very elderly patients with invasive fungal infections who had sought treatment at the Department of Geriatrics of our hospital from April 2013 to April 2014 were retrospectively investigated.The classifications and quantities of fungi,accompanying symptoms,adverse reactions,blood tests,and liver and kidney function indicators were recorded and analyzed before and after treatment.Results Each of the 24 cases was found to have been infected with one or more of 17 fungal strains belonging to the genus of Candida.The rate of complete fungal elimination after treatment was 70％ (12/17).Of the 24 cases,5 achieved a full recovery(20.8 ％),10 (41.7 ％) had significant improvement,5 (20.8 ％) had some improvement,and 4 cases(16.7％)showed no therapeutic benefits,with a total effectiveness rate of 62.5 ％.There was no significant difference in liver and kidney function before and after treatment(P＞0.05).A transient increase in serum creatinine occurred in 1 case and defective vision in another patient during Voriconazole treatment.Conclusions The incidence of invasive fungal infections is high in very elderly patients,with Candida as the main pathogen.Voriconazole is effective in treating invasive fungal infections in very elderly patients,and close monitoring of liver and kidney function is required during voriconazole treatment.

0.05). Conclusion This method is sensitive, accurate, stabile and is applicable to the determination of inorganic arsenic in groundwater samples.

Objective To establish a quality control method for tanshinone ⅡA in Niaotong Tablets.Methods The content of tanshinone ⅡA was determined by TLC-scanning method. Benzene-ethyl acetate(19 ∶1) was used as the developer, ?s = 470nm,?R = 620nm,SX=3.Results A linearity was obtained from 0.44?g to 2.20 ?g of tanshinone ⅡA in Niaotong Tablets (r=0.9993,n=5);the average recovery rate was 98.08 %,RSD=3.29 %.Conclusion This method is simple, sensitive and reproducible for the determination of tanshinone ⅡA in Niaotong Tablets and Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae.

Objective To establish a method for the determination of 5-O-methylvisamminol in Shufeng oral liquid.Methods The sample was extracted with methyl and HPLC method was used.The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Alltima-C18 column(150 mm ? 4.6 mm,5 ?m)with a mobile phase of methanol-water(41∶59),the detection wavelength at 293 nm and the flow rate being 1.0mL?min-1.Results A linearity was obtained from 0.12 ?g to 0.84 ?g of 5-O-Methyvisammioside in Shufeng oral liquid with a good correlation(r = 0.99998,n = 7).The average recovery was 99.8 % and RSD = 2.05 %(n = 5).Conclusion This method for determination of 5-O-Methyvisammioside in Shufeng oral liquid is simple,sensitive,specific and accurate.

Objective To establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of gardenoside in Xinxue Tablets and to provide evidence for ameliorating its quality criterion.Methods HPLC conditions were as follows: C18(4.6?250 mm,5 ?m)column with temperature at 25 ℃,acetonitrile-water(15∶85) as mobile phase with flow rate of 1 mL/min,and the detection wavelength at 238 nm.Results Gardenoside was well separated from other components and had good linearity in the range of 0.128～1.024 ?g(r=0.999 2).The average recovery was 98.67 %and RSD=1.57 %.Conclusion The method is accurate,reproducible,and can be used for the quality control of Xinxue Tablets.

Objective To Study on the immune function of Cedar pollinosis.Methods The radioimmunosorbent test was used to measure IgE and the nephelometry was used to measure serum IgG,IgM,IgA,C3 and C4 levels.Results Total IgE leve in the patients serum was obviously higher than that in the control group,the serum IgG,IgM levels were also higher than those of control group,but the IgA level was no evident difference between two groups,and the serum C3 and C4 levels were lower than that of the control group.Conclusion Combination of a rising serum IE,IgG,IgM and a decreasing serum C3,C4 levels may be a diagnostic marker of cedar pollinosis,periodical determination of immune function for patients with cedar pollinosis could dynamic observe the change of the patients' condition.

Objective:To Study the equity of Chinese health systems performance and provide evidence for strengthening health system.Methods:Based on WHO health systems performance evaluation framework,the provincial data of expanded pilots under the national health service investigation and relative concentration index (RCI) were used to study the inequality of Chinese health systems performance from regions,income and education,etc.Results:The RCI values were lower than 0.1 on health status and satisfaction dimensions.The RCI of financial risks protection was higher than 0.2,which was at a respective higher level.Conclusion:The health performance of people with lower education and wealth were fragility and these people usually with health shocks.Therefore,the national and regional government should pay more attention on vulnerable group and provide more healthcare management and security support.

Objective To investigate the correlation between caspase-3 and left ventricular function at different phases after ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Totally 36 wistar rats were randomly divided into Sham operation group and ischemia-reperfusion(IR)group. The rat ischemic cardiac region of IR group was taken after 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24-hour reperfusion followed to 30-minute ischemia and detected for the activity fragment of caspase-3 P20, the activity of caspase-3, myocardial apoptosis index, left ventricular function (LVF) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) respectively. Results With reperfusion time prolonging, the activity fragment of caspase-3 P20 increased, the activity of caspase-3, myocardial apoptosis index, left ventricular function and CK-MB all changed. The activity fragment of caspase-3 P20 and CK-MB peaked at 6 h, and the activity of caspase-3 and myocardial apoptosis index at 12 h, and then maintained platform; LVSP and ?dp/dt_max increased while LVEDP decreased gradually with the reperfusion time prolonging. All indexes mentioned above of IR group had statistical significance as compared with that of Sham operation group(P

Purpose:To explore the tumor cell responses after IFN-? gene transfer by analyzing the expression of cell surface antigen,apoptosis and the impact of cell period. Methods:We constructed IFN-? gene expression vector-pcDNA3- IFN-?, and transfected it into HeLa cell lines by Lipofectamine. The expression of IFN-??the Human Leukocyte antigen(HLA-DR) after gene transfer were measured. The apoptosis of tumor cells and the variety of cell period were also measured to investigate the anti-tumor mechanism by IFN-? gene therapy. Results:The results showed that the HLA-DR expression in Hela cell lines increased significantly(P