OBJECTIVEBitterness appraisal method of Chinese drugs and preparation is established.

METHODThe investigation table was designed by analogical epidemiology investigation. Then the statistical analysis was made for the data, and berberine bitter taste threshold was calculated. Verification experiment was made by two kinds of complex prescription.

RESULTBerberine is determined as the standard bitter material. Statistics results about verification experiment are significant.

CONCLUSIONThe system could be bitterness appraisal method of Chinese drugs and preparation.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Berberine ; chemistry ; Double-Blind Method ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Taste ; physiology ; Taste Threshold

The internship is the transition period of a medico becoming a doctor,the cultivation of clinical work ability of interns is a comprehensive ability cultivation which includes the foundation theories' consolidation and use,the practical operative train- ing,the cultivation of clinical thought ability and communication between doctors and patients,etc.To educate pediatrics intern has its characteristics.

Objective To investigate the expression of cyclin kinase inhibitor P21~(WAF1) and P27~(KIP1)in children with acute leukemia and its clinical significance.Methods A total of 32 hospitalized children with acute leukemia(AL) were included in this study.Their bone marrow samples were collected before chemotherapy and individual patient was detected after complete remission(CR).The method of immunocytochemistry was used to estimate the expression of P21~(WAF1) and P27~(KIP1).Both positive percentage and intensity of the cells were counted.Results Findings showed that the positive ratios of P21~(WAF1) and P27~(KIP1) in total samples,ALL samples and AML samples were lower than the control group(P

ObjectiveToinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenserumcystatinC(CysC)leveland hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). Methods The patients w ith HICH and healthy controls w ere enroled. The demographic and clinical data were colected. Immunoturbidimetric assay was used to detect serum CysC level. Results A total of 94 consecutive patients w ith HICH and 131 healthy controls w ere enroled. The baseline systolic blood pressure ( 168.57 ±28.64 mmHg vs.128.13 ±16.23 mmHg; t=-13.442, P<0.001;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), diastolic blood pressure ( 95.56 ±14.68 mmHg vs.76.80 ± 8.76 mmHg; t= -11.965, P<0.001 ), fasting plasma glucose ( 6.24 ±1.83 mmol/L vs.5.22 ± 1.13 mmol/L; t= -4.234, P<0.001), and serum CysC level (1.02 ±0.26 mg/L vs.0.91 ±0.13 mg/L, P<0.001) in the HICH group w ere significantly higher than those in the control group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis show ed that baseline systolic blood pressure≥140 mmHg ( odds ratio [ OR] 12.523, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.353-29.299; P<0.01), diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg (OR 3.968, 95%CI 1.792-8.784; P<0.01 ) and serum CysC level≥1.09 mg/L ( OR 3.279, 95%CI 1.336-8.050; P<0.05) w ere the independent risk factors for HICH. In patients w ith HICH, the CysC serum level (1.13 ±0.26 mg/L) in the bleeding ≥30 ml group w as higher than that in the bleeding <30 ml group (0.99 ±0.25 mg/L; P<0.001) and the control group ( 0.91 ±0.13 mg/L; P<0.001). The serum CysC level in the bleeding volume <30 ml w as higher than that in the control group ( P=0.004). There w ere positive correlations betw een serum CysC and age, creatinine, urea, and uric acid (al P<0.01);there w ere negative correlations betw een serum CysC level and the estimated glomerular filtration rate ( P<0.01). Multivariable linear regression analysis show ed that age, creatinine, urea and uric acid w ere independent associated w ith the serum CysC level ( al P<0.05 ). Conclusions The increased serum CysC level is correlated w ith the amount of bleeding in patients w ith HICH. The increased serum CysC level is an independent risk factor for HICH.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the preparation of Shuanghuanglian taste-masking microspheres by spray-drying.

METHODTraced the compounds bitterness source, marked its curve and optimized the microspheres preparation by taking taste evaluation, microspheres yield and inclusion rate as the indexes.

RESULTThe bitter taste of compounds comes from Forsythia suspensa. The best taste-masking material is Eudragit E100. The optimal spray-drying parameters: solvent concentration 2.0%, inlet air temperature 75 degrees C, aspirator 35.0 m3 x h(-1), spray flow 0.35 m3 x h(-1), pump speed 8.0 mL x min(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe spray-drying as a method of masking the traditional Chinese medicine compound taste have advantages of simple process and efficient masking.

Acrylates ; chemistry ; Desiccation ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Forsythia ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Oleaceae ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polymers ; chemistry ; Taste ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

Child ; Histiocytosis, Sinus ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Lymphatic Diseases ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Male

Objective To study the national surveillance results and learn the current situation of iodized salt consumption at household level in 2008, and to find out the remaining problems and to provide scientific basis for developing control strategies against iedine deficiency disorders. Methods In 2008, in accordance with the requirements of the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program (Trial)", the surveillance was conducted at county level in 31 provinces and at division level in Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. In each county 9 townships were randomly selected according to their sub-area positions of east, west, south, north and center;4 villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township;8 households were randomly selected in each chosen village. In every county with 9 or less townships, 1 township was randomly selected respectively in the east, west, south,north and center sub-areas;4 villages were randomly sampled in each chosen township;15 households were randomly selected in each chosen village. Edible salt from these households was collected. Iodized salt coverage rate, proportion of qualified iodized salt and consumption rate of the qualified iodized salt of the households in each province were counted and analyzed. Iodized salt was determined by direct titration;the salt samples from Sichuan and other enhanced salt were detected by arbitration. Results Totally 2817 counties (districts, cities, banners) and 14 divisions of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported the monitoring results, monitoring coverage reached 99.96%(2831/2832). Mean of iodine content was 31.51 mg/kg.Sixteen provinces had a variation coefficient of iodine content for more than 20%. A total of 826 968 households were tested of their edible salt, in which iodized salt 798 725 copies, non-iodized salt 28 243 copies, and unqualified iodized salt 20 270 copies. Weighted by population,at national level, the coverage rate of iodized salt was 97.48%, qualified rate of iodized salt 97.16%, and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 94.79%.Twenty seven provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps had a qualified iodized salt coverage rate of above or equal 90.00%. Tibet, Hainan, Xinjiang and Tianjin provinces (regions) had a qualified iodized salt coverage rate lower than 90.00%. Further, 2487 counties had the rate high or equal 90.00% accounting for 87.82% (2487/2831) of complementing monitoring counties. One hundred and four counties and 1 division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps had the coverage rate of iodized salt below 80.00%. Conclusions Sixteen provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) have relatively a high degree of variation coefficient in salt iodine content. The quality of iodized salt needs to be improved. The coverage rate of iodized salt and the qualified iodized salt at national level are both above or equal 90.00%. However, the non-iodized salt problem is still serious and have a relatively lower coverage of iodized salt in Tibet, Hainan and Xinjiang.

Objective To understand the current level of iodized salt coverage in areas with intensified monitoring measure in China in 2008. Methods In accordance with the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program (Trial)" of Ministry of Health issued in 2007, the selected key counties (cities, districts and banner) were divided into 5 sub-areas, 1 non-iodine townships(towns, street offices) was sampled randomly in each sub-area, 4 administrative villages (neighborhood committees) were sampled from each selected township;15households salt samples in each selected village were randomly collected. All salt samples were detected by semiquantitative kit at first. The salt samples that can not be determined by the kit were tested by direct titration and the arbitration act (GB/T 13025.7-1999) detection. Iodized salt determination criteria: reagent color change in semiquantitative test kit or iodine content ≥ 5 mg/kg were identified as iodized salt. Otherwise, the salt samples were identified as non-iodized salt. Results All the provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) except Tibet in China had conducted a specific survey on iodized salt coverage in non-iodized salt high-risk areas, which revealed that the national coverage rate of iodized salt was 93.01%(130 928/140 770). At the provincial level, twenty provinces and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corp had a iodized salt coverage over 90%, while the other six provinces (Beijing, Xinjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian, Tianjin and Jiangxi) between 80% - ＜ 90% and the rest four provinces,such as Guangxi, Qinghai, Guangdong and Hainan, lower than 80%. At the county level, 64.57%(277/429) of all the surveillance counties had a iodized salt coverage over 95% while 10.02%(43/429) lower than 80%. Among all the six types of areas where specific survey were conducted, areas with incomplete iodized salt distribution network and areas with crude salt production had a iodized salt coverage lower than 90%, 81.74%(4978/6090) and 86.53%(17 098/19 759), respectively. In raw salt production area, there were 10 out of 21 provinces with iodized salt coverage rate below 90%, it consisted of 47.6%(10/21) of the total monitoring provinces in the same type areas.There were 8 out of 16 provinces with iodized salt coverage rate lower than 90% in the areas with faultiness iodized salt network, it consisted of 50.0%(8/16) of the sampling provinces in the same type area. Conclusions Most provinces(21) in China have a relatively high iodized salt coverage at household level during this specific survey.Areas with incomplete iodized salt distribution network and crude salt production are the most affected areas by noniodized salt. Aiming at the high-risk non-iodized salt areas discovered during this survey, corresponding intervention measures should be implemented with joint efforts from sectors concerned.

Penaeidin-2 (Pen-2) is an important antimicrobial peptide derived from the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, and possesses both antibacterial and antifungal activities. Recent studies suggest that recombinant penaeidins show similar activities to the native Pen-2 protein. Previous researches have shown that some antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. To date, there have been no studies on the antitumor effects of Pen-2. This study evaluated the potential of recombinant pen-2 (rPen-2) in the selective killing of kidney cancer cell lines ACHN and A498, and its action mechanism. MTT assays found the maximal growth inhibition of HK-2, ACHN and A498 cells treated with 100 μg/mL rPen-2 at 48 h was 13.2%, 62.4%, and 70.4%, respectively. DNA-specific fluorescent dye staining showed a high percentage of apoptosis on cancer cells. Flow cytometry revealed that the apoptosis rate of HK-2, ACHN and A498 cells was 15.2%, 55.2%, and 61.5% at 48 h respectively, suggesting that rPen-2 induced higher apoptosis rate in cancer cells than in HK-2 cells. Laser confocal scanning microscopy demonstrated that the plasma membrane was the key site where rPen-2 interacted with and destroyed tumor cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed the morphologic changes of the cell membranes of kidney cancer cells treated with rPen-2. These results suggest that rPen-2 is a novel potential therapeutic agent that may be useful in treating kidney cancers.

Objective To observe non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) changes of striatal dopamine D2 receptors(SDDR) in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD) using 11C-Raclopride PET/CT,and to analyze the relationship between BPND and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D).Methods From December 2014 to December 2015,patients with first-episode MDD and age/gender-matched healthy controls underwent brain MRI and 11C-Raclopride PET/CT in this prospective study.BPND of bilateral SDDR was calculated by molecular imaging and kinetic analysis toolbox (MIAKAT).BPND changes of bilateral SDDR and their relationship with HAM-D score were analyzed.Paired t test,two-sample t test and Pearson correlation analysis were used.Results A total of 20 MDD patients (8 males,12 females,average age: (32.80±9.76) years) and 20 healthy controls (9 males,11 females,average age:(29.25±6.93) years) were enrolled in this study.The 11C-Raclopride uptake in brain tissue of the MDD group and control group were mainly distributed in bilateral striatum,and very few 11C-Raclopride was distributed in bilateral cerebral cortex and cerebellum.In MDD group,the BPND level of bilateral SDDR had no statistical differences(t values: 0.69,0.35,both P>0.05),and similar results were found in the control group(t values: 0.28,0.24,both P>0.05).Compared with the control group,however,the MDD group had lower BPND level of bilateral SDDR(t values: 3.13-4.41,all P<0.05).The BPND of bilateral caudate nucleus and/or putamen D2 receptors was correlated with HAM-D total score,anxiety/somatization factor score,cognitive impairment factor score,retardation factor score and sleep disturbance factor score(r values: from-0.688 to-0.453,all P<0.05).Conclusions The binding potential of SDDR in patients with first-episode MDD is declined,and the BPND level of SDDR is correlated with symptoms of depression.The abnormality of SDDR may be an important molecular mechanism of the abnormality of midbrain-striatal dopamine reward circuits in MDD patients.