OBJECTIVE: To prepare folate-conjugated ergosta-4,6,8,22-tetraen-3-one liposomes(FLE). Then to study the release feature of FLE in vitro and the eytotoxieity and targeting ability of it via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis on tumor cells in vitro. Pharmacokinetic characterization was also studied in rats. METHODS The characteristics were measured by transmission electron microscope(TEM), laser light scattering granularity equipment and HPLC. Dialytic method was used to determine ergone release rate of FLE in vitro. The cytotoxicity and targeting ability of FLE on HeLa in vitro was measured by MTT assay. The concentrations of ergone in plasma of rats and their pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration were studied by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by software DAS2.0. RESULTS: The prepared FLE was round and uniform, and the mean particle size was 112 nm. The encapsulating efficiency of it reached 73%. The experiment of drug release in vitro follows Higuchi releasing process and showed significant sustained-release feature. The IC50 of ergone, LE and FLE was 10, 14, 5 μg · mL-1, respectively. Compared with ergone solution, AUC in FLE had increased significantly. And the residence time of ergone was prolonged. CONCLUSION: The FLE were characterized by sustained-release performance, target recognition, and low toxic and side effect and did improve the bioavailability of ergone significantly. It can also be expected to be used for tumor by targeting therapy.

Objective To explore Sex differences of total homocysteine(tHcy) levels,and relationship between serum creatinine and homocysteine,and renal regulation to homocysteine in patients with cerebrovascular diseases within normal serum creatinine concentrations. Methods The levels of fasting serum tHcy?Scr?triglyceride(TG)?total cholesterol(TCHO)?high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)?high density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were determinedin groups of cerebral infarction(CI,278 males and 160 females),cerebral hemorrhage(CH,22 males and 16 females)and transient ischemic attacks(TIAs,27 males and 20 females).The situation that patients along with hypertension and diabetes mellitus were also investigated in three groups. Results Comparison in three groups:the tHcy concentrations were significantly higher in CI than in TIAs(P 0.05). Sex comparison(327 males,196 females,from CI,CH,TIAs):the tHcy concentration were significantly higher in males than females[P

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Solvents ; analysis ; chemistry ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; analysis ; chemistry

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching method which is tutor-guided,student-centered,learning in the procedure of solving problem and solving problem in the procedure of learning.Compared with traditional teaching methods,PBL has advantages in culturing the ability of the students,improving the ability of analyzing and solving problem and combining multiple disciplines and it plays an important role in culturing applicable and innovative talents.Attention should be paid to teacher training,learner supervision,strict selection of curriculum and supplement of extra relevant courses.Furthermore,the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine must be highlighted so as to achieve the best teaching effects.

ObjectiveTo explore the cause of early death (death within 3-12 months after hemodialysis) and the related influencing factors patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of early death.Methods A retrospective matched controlled study was conducted. Fifty-one patients who underwent MHD from January 2004 to April 2014 and died within 3-12 months after hemodialysis in hemodialysis center of the 174th Chinese People's Liberation Army Hospital were included in the case group by retrospective analysis method. According to 1∶2 matched controls, 102 patients underwent hemodialysis in the same period (±2 months) and survived over 12 months were selected as control group. All patients received regular hemodialysis (dialysis 2-3 times per week), with conventional limitation of water and sodium intake, routine treatments such as control of blood pressure, treatment of anemia and disorders of calcium and phosphorus contents. Causes of short-term death were analyzed. Clinical and biochemical parameters of two groups were collected when dialysis was started, and the single factor and multiple factors logistic regression was used to analyze the related risk factors when dialysis was started. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to evaluate the value of above parameters in predicting the early death in patents with MHD.Results The main causes of early death of 51 patients with MHD were mainly cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (27 cases, 52.9%), and infections (15 cases, 29.4%). It was shown by single factor analysis that the age [odds ratio (OR) = 6.625, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 3.232-13.580,P = 0.000], diabetes (OR = 3.875, 95%CI = 0.654 - 10.622,P = 0.031), specialist intervention time before dialysis (OR = 0.349, 95%CI =0.287 - 0.572,P = 0.004), the emergence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events before dialysis (OR = 9.667, 95%CI = 4.632 - 20.174,P = 0.000), the first dialysis for emergency dialysis (OR = 3.875, 95%CI = 1.713 - 8.765, P = 0.005), blood albumin level (OR = 0.294, 95%CI = 0.068 - 0.550,P = 0.008), leukocyte count (OR = 6.286, 95%CI = 1.648 - 23.982,P = 0.026), neutrophil count (OR = 2.833, 95%CI = 1.630 - 4.923,P = 0.001) might be the factors correlating with early death. Eight independent factors were statistically significant, and their effect on the MHD patients was analyzed by logistic regression analysis inα = 0.05 level. The results showed that patients with old age (OR = 1.054, 95%CI = 1.019-1.090,P = 0.002), and the emergence of cardio-cerebrovascular events (OR = 7.469, 95%CI = 2.474 - 22.545,P = 0.000)were early death risk factors of MHD patients, and early specialist intervention before dialysis was a protective factor (OR = 0.286, 95%CI = 0.113-0.722,P = 0.008). ROC curve showed that age had moderate diagnostic value for early death of MHD [area under ROC curve (AUC) = 0.756], the cut-off value was 59.0 years old, the sensitivity was 66.7%, and the specificity was 77.5%. The diagnostic value of early specialist intervention before dialysis was relatively low (AUC = 0.367), the cut-off value was 0.875 years, the sensitivity was 39.2%, and the specificity was 33.3%.Conclusion Old age, the emergency of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events before dialysis is associated with early death, and specialist intervention ahead of dialysis can reduce the risk of early death.

Objective To develop a reliable scale for evaluating medication compliance among patients with chronic diseases in China.Methods An initial item pool was generated by literature review,based on the definition of compliance generally accepted in China.The items were then subjected to item selections by using item answer distribution and other four methods,which resulted in a primary scale with 16 items.The reliability and validity of this scale was examined.Results Common factors extracted by factor analysis were well explained,there being a close correspondence between the scale construction and the theoretical construction. Convergent validity with the patients' self-ratings on medication compliance ranged from 0.55 to 0.59,and the correlation coefficient with the score of Morisky questionnaire was 0.58.The Cronbach ?,0 and ? coefficients were 0.717,0.751,0.893 respectively,and test-retest reliability was 0.95.Conclusion The newly developed scale appears reliable and may be a useful tool for measuring drug compliance among patients with chronic diseases,but there are still areas where further improvements may be needed.

Objective To evaluate the effects on trabeculectomy combined with implantation of anterior lens capsule.Design Radomized,controlled experimental study.Participants 36 experimental albino rabbits.Methods 36 albino rabbits were divided into 3 groups randomly.The rabbit and human anterior lens capsules were implanted under the scleral flap in trabeculectomy in group A and group B respectively,while only trabeculectomy in control group.The average follow-up period was 12 months.Main Outcome Mea- sures Intraocular pressures(IOP),filtering bleb,complications.Results The postoperative IOP of the experimental groups decreased sig- nificantly as compared with preoperative IOP at 12 week postoperatively.Retention of reflective filtering bleb in experimental groups was longer than that in contral group(5.12?0.43week,5.05?0.59week,2.74?0.32week,P＜0.05).The passage of humor outflow kept open in ex- perimental groups and became closed in control group at 12 week postoperatively.Anterior lens capsule wasn't attacked by T or B lym- phocyte seen with electron microscope.Conclusions Implantation of anterior lens capsule may help to postpone filtering bleb scarring in the trabeculectomy.This study provides experimental basis for the clinical practice.

Fungal polyketide synthases are responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as pigments, mycotoxins, and they are very important in pharmacology , food science and agriculture. The recent advances in the methods for the isolation and manipulation of multiple classes of polyketide synthase genes from fungi were introduced. It is useful for discovery of novel fungal polyketide synthase gene clusters. These methods can also be useful for revealing the genetic potential of fungi to produce multiple types of bioactive polyketide.

Objective To investigate the effects of serum from patients receiving isoflurane and sevoflurane on the invasion and migration ability of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Methods Twenty ASAⅠorⅡ lung cancer patients aged 40 ~ 68 yr undergoing radical surgery were randomly divided into sevoflurane group (SEV group, n = 10) and isoflurane group (ISO group, n = 10). The concentration of sevoflurane or isoflurane maintained 1.5 MAC during anesthesia. Ten healthy volunteers were selected as control group. Serum was separated from blood sample taken at the end of surgery. A549 cells were randomly divided into sevoflurane group (group SEV, n = 10), isoflurane group (group ISO, n = 10) and control group (group C, n = 10). Cells of SEV group and ISO group were treated with 10% serum as respect to anesthetics for 24 hours. Cells of group C were treated with serum of control group. The invasion ability of cells was evaluated by Transwell assay. The migration ability of cells was determined by wound healing assay. The expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in A549 cells were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with group C and ISO group,the number of invasive cells in group SEV was reduced significantly (P < 0.05). The levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in group SEV were significantly decreased compared with those of group C and ISO group (P<0.05). Conclusion The serum of patients receiving sevoflurane anesthesia can attenuate the metastatic ability of A549 cells through inhibiting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Objective To observe the effects of sevoflurane pretreatment on lung metastasis of mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC)cells.Methods Mouse LLC cells were inoculated in culture plate. After being cultured for 24 h the cells were randomly divided into four groups:group control (CC), group 1% sevoflurane (SC1),group 2% sevoflurane (SC2),and group 3% sevoflurane (SC3).Cells of group SC1-3 were exposed to 1%,2%,3% sevoflurane for 4 h respectively,cells of group CC were exposed to 95%O 2-5%CO 2 mixture air,and were then cultured for another 24 h.The invasive activity of cells was determined by Transwell assay.The migration of cells was evaluated by wound scratch assay.The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cells were detected by ELISA.Thirty-two C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (n = 8):group control (CM),group 1% sevoflurane (SM1),group 2% sevoflurane (SM2),and group 3% sevoflurane (SM3).LLC cells of group SC1-3 were injected into caudal vein of mouse in group SM1-3 respectively.Cells of group CC were injected into mouse of group CM.Lung metastasis inhibitory rates were evaluated after 3 weeks. Results Compared with group CC,the invasive activity and migration of cells in group SC1-3 were decreased significantly,group SC1 >group SC2 >group SC3 (P <0.05 );the protein expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly down-regulated with sevoflurane concentration increased,group SC1 >group SC2>group SC3 (P <0.05).Compared with group CM,lung metastasis inhibitory rates of group SM1-3 were increased significantly,group SM1 < group SM2 < group SM3 (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Sevoflurane can inhibit the lung metastasis of mouse LLC cells,which maybe through down-regulating the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in mouse LLC cells.