OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for constructing relief fund system for adverse drug reactions(ADR)in China. METHODS:Referring to the ADR damage relief system in Japan and Taiwan area of China,comparative study was conducted from aspects of the legal basis of the fund establishment,the nature of the authority,financing sources and ratio,relief efforts,etc. And rationalization suggestions were put forward for constructing the relief fund system for ADR in China. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:The ADR damage relief fund system of Japan and Taiwan area of China was established by the law. However,due to dif-ferent administrative system,financing sources and ratio,and relief efforts,there were some similarities (setting related laws, showing similarities in the partnerships between authorities and its health departments)and differences(the nature of fund authori-ties were independent administrative body in Japan,independent corporation in Taiwan area of China and so on)in the elements of the financing model. When constructing the ADR relief fund system,China should accelerate the relevant legislation;the govern-ment should reasonably arrange fund management agency,gradually establish ADR damage relief fund step by step,enhance the public awareness of ADR damage relief fund and establish diversified financing modes with enterprise-based payment.

Objective To investigate the influence of structural psychological intervention on negative emotion of hemodialysis patients during the induction period.Methods 90 hemodialysis patients in induction period were divided into intervention group(structural psychological intervention group,45 cases)and control group(conven-tional nursing group,45 cases)by the method of random number table.The satisfaction degree of nursing after two weeks nursing and negative emotional state before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. Results The satisfaction degree of the intervention group after nursing was 95.5%,which was higher than 84.5% of the control group(χ2 =6.362,P <0.05).The SAS score and SDS score of the two groups before nursing had no significant differences(t =2.41,1.78,all P >0.05).While the SAS score and SDS score of the intervention group after nursing were significantly better than before intervention(t =4.87,6.62,all P <0.05).And the SAS score and SDS score of the intervention group after nursing were significantly better than those of the control group(t =5.76, 8.43,all P <0.05).Conclusion Structural psychological intervention on hemodialysis patients with uremia during the induction period can increase the nursing satisfaction of patients,relieve the anxiety and depression of hemodialysis patients during the induction period.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the drug utilization in nationwide sample hospitals so as to provide information for the production, management and utilization of drugs. METHODS: The drug utilization data in nationwide 690 hospitals during the period 2005 ～2006 were analyzed statistically. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Anti-infective drugs, cardiovascular drugs, biological products and biochemical drugs have been ranking among the first 3 places in consumption, but their consumption sum showed a downward trend. The consumption sum of anti-tumor drugs, Chinese formulated products, digestive system drugs, and respiratory system drugs showed an upward trend. The top 20 drugs on the list of consumption sum were mainly antibiotics. The consumption quantity and consumption sum of anti-tumor drugs showed an upward trend. Of the top 10 manufacturers in terms of consumption sum, the imported manufacturers took a small proportion while the joint venture took a higher proportion.

Objective To analyze the results of syphilis test and to understand the syphilis infection and its epidemiological characteristics .Methods 728 untreated patients with definite diagnosis of syphilis were enrolled and classified according to their age ,gender and syphilis types ,and retrospectively analysis was conducted .Results Among 728 syphilis patients ,446(61 .26% ) were diagnosed with latent syphilis ,211 (28 .98% ) with dominant syphilis ,32(4 .40% ) with neurosyphilis and 39(5 .36% ) with congenital syphilis .The average detection rate of syphilis was 1 .49% .332(45 .60% ) cases were found in female patients while 396 (54 .40% ) in male .Male syphilis patients were mainly in the 20 to 60 age group ,and female in the 20 to 50 age group .Dominant syphilis occurred mainly in the 20 to 40 age group and latent syphilis in the 20 to 60 age group .Conclusion The detection rate of syphilis increases year by year ,with the highest growing rate in latent syphilis and young adults as major incidence groups .

It is necessary to carry out bilingual teaching in medical vocational education.However,there are many difficulties of bilingual education,such as paying insufficient attention to bilingual education in the schools,the lack of bilingual education teachers and unevenness of students in English.In order to solve the problems the medical vocation schools should develop policies and methods of bilingual education and enhance bilingual teacher training and increase the investment of both hardware and software for bilingual teaching.

Objective To identify the incidence and risk factors that are associated with agitation after general anesthesia from 500 pediatric patients .Methods Data about any kinds of the index from 500 pediatric patients ,ASA Ⅰand Ⅱ ,receiving gen‐eral anesthesia were recorded .such as the age ,sex ,weight ,anxious before the anesthesia ,kinds of the disease ,class of ASA ,kinds and dosage of the anesthesia drug ,such as ketamine ,propfol ,sevoflurane ,fentanyl ,the intubation ,length of anesthesia time ,the re‐covery time and the agitation grade .According to the agitation grade ,all the patients divided into two group ,the agitation group and the non‐agitation group .Logistic regression with a descending stepwise algorithm was performed to identify independent variables . The discriminative power of the Logistic regression model was checked with a receiver operating characteristic curve .Results Agi‐tation meeting the predefined criteria occurred in 153 patients(30 .6% ) .The Logistic analysis identified the following varables to be associated with agitation after the anesthesia:age ,sex ,weight ,anxious before the anesthesia ,the use of the ketamine and the sevoflurane ,the intubation .The agitation correlation coefficients for the age ,sex ,and the use of the ketamine were negative ,other‐wise the weight ,anxiety ,the use of sevoflurane and the intubation were positive .The area of ROC was 0 .850 .Conclusion This study contributes to the identification of patients with a high risk for agitation after general anethesia .The index of the age ,sex , weight ,anxious before the anesthesia ,the use of the ketamine and the sevoflurane ,the intubation should be comprehensive evalua‐ted .

Objective To investigate the risk factors of wound healing 30 days after treatment in patients with pressure ulcer. Methods Two hundred and forty-five hospitalized patients with pressure ulcer between January 2015 and October 2016 were selected. They were divided into the healed group and the unhealed group 30 days after the treatment. The influencing factors 13 indexes including age, gender, edema, the number of diseases, the number of pressure ulcer, the size of pressure ulcer, PUSH score (Pressure Ulcer Scale Healing), hemoglobin, serum albumin, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood homocysteine underwent single factor and Logistic regression analysis. Results Single factor analysis of 12 indicators of risk factors affecting healing were age, Hb, Alb, Hcy, area of ulcer and PUSH scores of the 6 indicators in the regression equation (Z=3.11-6.63, All P < 0.01), gender also entered the regression equation (χ2=0.19, P<0.01);further multivariate regression analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in PUSH score index (χ2=10.47, P<0.01, OR=0.001, 95%confidence interval were 0.001-0.037). Conclusions Age, gender, Hb, Alb, Hcy and PU area were the risk factors of pressure ulcer healing.

0.05).The jitter(q=27.885),shimmer(q=35.839),NNE(q=5.817),and harmonic noise ratio(HNR,q=6.383)decreased significantly at 1 month after the operation(P

Objective To understand the working pressure source of obstetric nurses in Kunming through a sample survey study, so as to provide a reference for obstetric nurses to adjust self-psychology and for clinical managers to relieve working pressure on obstetric nurses. Methods We gave a sampling survey on 249 obstetric nurses in provincial,municipal and private hospitals,and usedChinese nurse job stress scaleto collect the data for statistical analysis. Results Kunming obstetric nurses' working pressure mainly came from the workload and time allocation. The ten stressors with highest score of pressure were frequent highest score, too much work, low welfare benefits,too much useless paperwork, low social status,worry about mistakes at work, too high expectation of patients,too much non-nursing work, nursing work is not accepted by patients and their families, few nurses to work. Age,title and nature of the preparation had no effect on work stress. Public hospital nurses' working pressure was significantly greater than private hospitals. Conclusion Working pressure sources of obstetric nureses in Kuming are too much night shift,too much work,welfare berfits useless paperwork,social status,mistakes at work, patients expectation work is not accopted and staffing Hospital management and nuusing managers should doploy rationally human resoures on obstteic area,reasorabal scheduling.

Objective:To detect heavy metals in 100 Chinese traditional medicine materials to evaluate the heavy metal residue situation. Methods:The ministry of land and resources Wuhan supervision and inspection center of mineral resources was authorized to examine four heavy metals: lead ( Pb ) , cadmium ( Cd ) , arsenic ( As ) and mercury ( Hg ) . Results: The Chinese herbal medicines showed different degree of heavy metal pollution with the over standard rate of 22%, and the over standard rate of Cd, Pb, As and Hg was 19%, 5%, 2% and 1%, respectively. The situation of two over standard heavy metals in single sample from the same batch exis-ted. As for the medicinal parts, roots and rootstock herbs accounted for 50% in the all over standard. As for the regions, east China and central-southern China had the highest over standard. Conclusion: The examined medicines exhibit heavy metal pollution. It is necessary to strengthen the examination and control for harmful chemical elements in Chinese herbal medicines to enhance the quality and guarantee clinical use safety.