Stem cells under the controlled condition may directionally differentiate into function cells in organism,formed various types of the organization and the organ.This article narrated the concept and classification of stem cells and regeneration medicine,discussed the application of stem cells to diabetes,myocardial cell damage disease,and neurotrosis disease,analyzed and summarized the problems of stem cells and regeneration medicine.The analysis processing material demonstrated that stem cells have been widely applied to clinical trials addressing cardiovascular system disease,nervous system disease,skeleton muscle related disease,diabetes and so on.This has obtained preliminary curative effect and has demonstrated the widespread clinical practice prospect.

Objective To put forward the prevention advice on foreign body suction,and to discuss the effica-cy,safety and application experience of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children. Methods The treatment experience of 38 cases for airway foreign body removal with flexible bron-choscopy and granulation tissue proliferation in Argon plasma coagulation ( APC ) ( argon knife ) combining carbon dioxide( CO2 ) cryotherapy in Bayi Children′s Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of Beijing Military Command from January 2013 to December 2014 were reviewed,and the clinical data including age,gender,treatment time for inhaled foreign body,clinical and X-ray manifestations,location of the foreign body,treatment with bronchoscopy with APC and cryotherapy,complications and outcomes were analyzed. Results There were 38 cases of patients including 31 male (81. 6%) and 7 female(18. 4%),aged from 10 months to 14 years old,with mean age 28. 5 months;among them there were 30 cases with definite history of foreign body,accounting for 78. 9%;the most common clinical symptom was cough among the cases,accounting for 84. 3%;X ray showed 15 cases with ipsilateral lung atelectasis,accounting for 39. 5%, emphysema in 17 cases,accounting for 44. 7%,pneumonia change in 6 cases,accounting for 15. 8%,there were 11 ca-ses who had lung computerized tomography examination when coming to the hospital,and only 1 case could be seen to have foreign body shadow;microscopic examination found that inhaled foreign body in the right bronchus accounted for 57. 9%,and peanut was the main foreign body inhalation in this group;only 4 cases(10. 5%) had definite diagnosis and foreign body removal within 24 h after foreign body aspiration,moreover,34 cases(89. 5%) with foreign body aspi-ration got the diagnosis and treatment after 24 h;crying was the primary inducement for inhaled foreign body. All the 38 cases of children with inhaled foreign body experienced removal under flexible bronchoscopy. There were 19 cases (50. 0%) who had granulation tissue proliferation around the foreign body,among which 5 cases of foreign body was wrapped by the proliferation of granulation tissue,with APC dealing with the granulation tissue of foreign body surface to remove foreign body after exposure,then giving CO2 cryotherapy. Nevertheless,there were 9 cases of foreign body who had granulation tissue but was not wrapped,receiving CO2 cryotherapy directly after the foreign body removal. One case of this group had bradycardia during the surgery,and 2 cases had postoperative bleeding,but there was no death cases with foreign bodies removal. Conclusions Education is the key to prevent foreign body aspiration in infants under 3 years old. Flexible bronchoscopy is safe to remove foreign bodies from the respiratory tract and has fewer complications, so it is one of the alternative methods in diagnosis and treatment of foreign body inhalation.

Objective To explore the operating methods,the effectiveness and safety for 2 cases of tracheal in-tubation related severe subglottic stenosis under laryngeal mask by using bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and interven-tional treatment. Methods Two male patients ( age at 4 and 11 months) both had difficulty breathing and weaning failure after endotracheal intubation,who were diagnosed with severe subglottic stenosis through CT and bronchoscopy examination. All parents signed their consent after being fully informed of treatment risks. Two cases were treated under bronchoscopic holmium laser combined with argon plasma coagulation and freezing treatment by using the laryngeal mask. The clinical data, complications and postoperative outcome and follow-up were analyzed. Results Two cases were operated successfully,the subglottic granulation tissue of 1 case was completely removed,2 cases of patients had subglottic narrow annular completely removed, and there was no problem for 4. 0 mm bronchoscope to get through,postoperative tracheal catheter was successfully extracted,dyspnea was significantly improved. Two cases imme-diately showed well open after treatment,7 d,30 d and 90 d through endoscopic examination. During the operation,oxy-gen saturation decreased and heart rate increased fast or slowed down,but after operation and oxygen got resumed,they immediately recovered,and there were no abnormal hemodynamic changes during and after operation. The two cases were still under follow-up. Conclusions The laryngeal mask holmium laser,argon plasma coagulation and cryotherapy can be used to remove acquired granulation tissue hyperplasia caused by subglottic stenosis,which is safe and effective, and the short-term effect was remarkable. Long-term effect still needs to be further assessed through follow-up.

Objective To determine the roles of thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) and its antibody in airway inflammatory response in asthmatic mice, and to promote maturation and activation of dendritic cells (DCs) in mouse airway. Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into group A, B and C. The mice in group B and C were intraperitoneally injected with OVA for allergization while the mice in group A were intraperitoneally injected with PBS as the normal control. The mice in group B and C were treated by inhalation of non-specific IgG and TSLPR IgG respectively, before provocation of asthma using OVA. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the mice in different groups were collected for cell differential counts and quantitative detection of IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γand IL-10 levels by ELISA. Moreover, the pulmonary tissue specimens of the mice were collected for pathological examination, and the numbers and phenotypes of DCs from the local lymph nodes and pulmonary tissue were determined by flow cytometry. Results The levels of all the tested cytokines in the BALF from mice in group B and C were remarkably higher compared to those from mice in group A (P<0.01). However, both the IL-4 and IL-5 levels in the BALF from group C mice that pre-blocked with TSLPR IgG were lower than those from group B (P<0.05, P<0.01), whereas both the IFN-γ and IL-10 levels in the BALF from group C mice were higher than those from group B (P<0.05, P<0.01). Furthermore, the numbers of total cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes in the BALF from group C mice were also lower than those from group B (P<0.01). A large number of inflammatory cell infiltration around the bronchus, beaker cell proliferation and mucous secretion reinforcement could be found in the samples from group B mice, while slight inflammatory cell infiltration and beaker cell proliferation in the samples from group C mice. The numbers of DCs in mediastinal lymph node and the levels of I-Ad, CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression of pulmonary DCs from group B mice were higher than those from group C mice (P<0.05). Conclusion TSLP/TSLPR have an effect on promoting asthma, which is closely relative to its regulation of DCs activation. And the interference of TSLPR antibody can decrease the effect of TSLP/TSLPR which indicating a potential of the antibody as a novel anti-asthma drug.

Objective To construct a recombinant plasmid DNA containing herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) gene.Methods The HSV-1 gD gene was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and inserted into TA cloning vector pGEM-T, then cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 to generate pLy-D. The recombinant plasmid pLy-D, which was confirmed by partial sequencing and restriction endonuclease analysis, was transfected into Cos-7 cells and used to inoculate ICR mice via muscular injection. Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to test the gD expression in transfected cells and the specific anti-HSV-1 antibody in the serum of immunized mice, respectively.Results The gD eukaryotic expression plasmid pLy-D was constructed. Using the immunohistochemistry technique, the gD expression in pLy-D-transfected cells was detected. The ELISA demonstrated that specific anti-HSV-1 antibody could be induced in immunized mice after three times injection.Conclusions We constructed HSV-1 gD eukaryotic expression plasmid pLy-D which could express gD protein in transfected cells and could induce humoral immune response in mice. This observation will be helpful in designing HSV prophylactic vaccine.

Objective To evaluate the value of CT in diagnosis of cervical intervertebral disk herniation. Methods The observation of CT appearances of 146 cases and the size, type, position of cervical intervertebral disk herniation were analyzed. Results ①Cervical intervertebral disk herniation was always multi-segments,often lolated at C4,5and C5,6. ②C5,6was mostly seen (142 cases,97.3%). ③Among centric and lateral type,centic type was mostly seen { 135 cases,92.5%). ④Of 135 cases of centric type,54 cases were mild type (< 2 mm) ,66 cases were moderate type (2 ～ 4 mm) , 15 cases were severe type (> 4 mm). Conclusion CT scan is convenient, efficient,accuracte and the first choice method in diagnosing cervical intervertebral disk herniation.

Objective To investigate the therapy efficiency and complication prevention in patients undergoing radiofrequency current catheter ablation combined with multiple X-ray projecting angles.Methods Two hundred and six atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) patients were involved in this study. The distance between the tip of His and the ostium of coronary sinus were measured under different X-ray projecting angles respectively, including posterior anterior (PA), right anterior oblique 30° (RAO 30° ) and left anterior oblique 45° (LAO 45° ) in each patient, and mapping was proceeding under the corresponding X-ray projecting angles with the longest distance. The distance between ablating catheter and His was confirmed again before powering by the other two X-ray projecting angles. Results The longest distance between the tip of His and the ostium of coronary sinus were obtained in 66,75 and 65 patients under PA,RAO 30° and LAO 45° respectively(P＞ 0.05 ),and the data were (2.94 ± 0.87), (2.98 ± 0.76)and (2.91 ± 0.52) cm(P＞ 0.05). Transient first or second degree of atrioventricular blocking was observed in 4 cases among 22 high risk patients in which the powering sites were above the medium level of the distance between the tip of His and the ostium of coronary sinus under three kinds of X-ray projecting angles obviously.However,only 1 case was observed in other 184 patients(P＜ 0.01 ). All patients were cured successfully and no permanent atrioventricular blocking occurred. Conclusion Radiofrequency current catheter ablation combined with multiple X-ray projecting angles is helpful to increasing the successful rate and preventing complication in ablating therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Embryonic Stem Cell (ES) are characterized by totipotency and normal karyotype and provide the theoretical base in the following fields: embryonic developmeut of mammalian, cell differentiation, expres sion of exogenous genes and utilization of Ess to develop animal model for human inherited diseases. The identification of ES therefore is very important to research and utilize ES.DATA SOURCES: The relevant articles to embryonic stem cell between January 1980 and December 2003 were computer searched for in Medline with the key words "embryonic stem cell, embryo, Alkaline phosphatase,Oct-4"in English. Similarly, the relevant articles to embryonic stem cell between January 1980 and December 2003 were computer searched for in China Journal Full-text Database (CJFD) with the key word "embryonic stem cell" in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: The articles were browsed firstly. The inclusion criteria were for those articles about the identification of embryonic stem cells. The exclusion criteria were for those about repetitive studies, reviews and other similar articles.DATA EXTRACTION: 16 articles about the identification of embryonic stem cells were collected. Then, the full-texts of the articles were looked through.DATA SYNTHESIS: The selected data were summarized in the following order: ①Preliminary identification of Ess based on morphology and growth;②Immunological valuation; ③Chromosome related identification; ④Identi fication of totipotency and pluripotency.CONCLUSION: The identification of embryonic stem cells is not the result of only one identifying method, but a process of identification. During this process of comprehensive identification, it is recommend to conduct AKP test firstly, karyotype analysis secondly, then examination of surface markers and finally identification of Ess totipotency when Ess are sufficient, takingcare to repeat every identification.

Adolescent ; Ethmoid Sinus ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoma ; complications ; Skull Neoplasms ; complications ; Vision, Low ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the method of medial transposition of the radial nerve in plate fixation of lower segment fracture of humerus.

METHODSFrom January 2010 to December 2013,31 patients with medial transposition of the radial nerve in plate fixation of lower segment fracture of humerus, including 18 males and 13 females ranging in age from 26 to 58 years old with a mean of 37 years old. The time between injury and operation was 1 to 8 days with an average of 4.5 days. According to AO classification, 7 fractures were type A1, 3 fractures were type A2, 6 fractures were type A3, 2 fractures were type B1, 4 fractures were type B2, 2 fractures were type B3, 4 fractures were type C, 3 fractures were type C2. No patients had any signs of radial nerve injury. The results were evaluated with DASH (disability of arm-shoulder-hand) Questionnaire by the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) which 0 indicated normal upper extremity function, and 1 to 100 indicated varying degrees of damage to the function of the upper extremties.

RESULTSThere was no neurologic complication or postoperative wound infection in this series. The followed-up period ranged form 8 to 15 months (means 11 months) postoperatively. The clinical outcomes were evaluated with DASH Questionnaire, the score before operation was 76.2±11.8, the final follow-up score was 8.2±7.4, the final follow-up score was significant higher than before operation (P<0.01). The function of the upper extremities recovered satisfactorily.

CONSLUSIONThe method of medial transposition of the radial nerve in plate fixation of lower segment fracture of humerus can avoid iatrogenic radial nerve injury effectively.

Adult ; Bone Plates ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Humeral Fractures ; surgery ; Humerus ; innervation ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radial Nerve ; injuries ; surgery