Erythropoietin (EPO) is an active glycoprotein synthesized by kidney. The physiological function of regulat?ing the synthesis of erythrocytes by EPO makes it as a clinical drug for treatment of anemia resulted from chronic kidney fail?ure. However, its short biological half-life makes frequent administration, which limits its wide clinical utility since the tough burden and pain on patients. Therefore, the development of EPO derivatives with good efficacy, less adverse reaction and long duration has been a hot spot in the field during several decades. There are currently many different variants of EPO derivatives including erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) on the market. This article aims to summarize the recent re?search progress in the development of erythropoietin derivatives, specially focusing on EPO mimetic peptides (EMP).

Objective To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance angiography ( MRA ) in diagnosing peripheral hemangioma andvascular malformation . Methods 61 cases of hemangioma and vascular malformations in peripheral soft tissue were undergone MRAexamination.Results Of 13 patients with hemangioma,the arteries within hemangioma were increased and gradually fine from proximal to distal in 7 cases and in company with arteriovenous fistulae in 2 cases,there were no arteries within hemangioma in 6 cases.Vascular malformations were found in 48 patients,arteries and veins of vascular malformation were showed in 35 cases,but arteries of vascular malformations were only showed in one case.Arteries of vascular malformation were showed in 5 cases and the arteries were pressed on arterial angioyraphy in 23 cases.On MR venography(MRV),the shallow malformed veina were showed in 25 cases and in company with deep malformed veina in 13 cases,only the shallow and deep veina increased and thickness be showed in 2 cases.Arterioveinous fistulae could be seen in 8 cases on MR aterio-venography.There were no vessel be showed in 12 cases within the losions.Conclusion MRA is of significant value in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of peripheral hemangioma and vascular malformations.

Objective To investigate the influences of active immunotherapy on T helper cell (Th)1/Th2 type cytokines in women with unexplained habitual abortion(UHA) Methods A total of 55 patients with UHA were studied, including 30 cases after active immunotheraphy (AIT) and 25 cases without any therapy(NAIT). Fifteen cases of normal nonpregnant (NNP) women were selected as control group. Supernatants from trophoblast activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the three groups were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for interferon gamma (IFN ?), interleukin 2 (IL 2), IL 4, IL 10. Results (1) The levels of IL 2 and IFN ? in AIT group [(108?37) ng/L and (110 ?52) ng/L, respectively] were lower significantly than those in NAIT group[(223?85) ng/L and (326 ?92) ng/L, respectively]( P 0.05). (2) Twenty six women in AIT group got pregnant, but 8 women experienced pregnancy loss repeatedly whose IL 2?IFN ? levels were higher than those in other 18 women got successful pregnancy and IL 4,IL 10 levels lower than the latter. Conclusions UHA patients have Th1 type immunity to trophoblast and produce high level Th1 type cytokines which probably result in pregnancy loss. Active immunotheraphy could make a shift from Th1 to Th2 immunity, thus favoring the maintenance of pregnancy.

Objective The action mechanisms of Qingfei Oral Liquid ( QFOL) in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus ( RSV) infection need to be studied more deeply.The aim of this study is to examine the expressions of interleukin ( IL)-10 and IL-17 in the lung tissue and those of Treg and Th17 in the spleen tissue of RSV-infected mice before and after treated with QFOL, and to explore the action mechanisms of QFOL from the perspective of the Treg/Th17 cy-tokines balance. Methods Fifty BABL/c mice were equally ran-domized to five groups: blank control, RSV model, Ribavirin, low-dose QFOL, and high-dose QFOL.Models of RSV ( long strain) infec-tion were made in the latter four groups.At 48 hours after viral activa-tion, the mice of the control and RSV model groups were treated intragastrically with 0.9%normal saline and those in the Ribavirin and QFOL groups with Ribavirin at 0.0025 g/mL and QFOL at 1.33 g/mL and 4 g/mL, respectively, all for 72 hours.Then all the mice were killed and the lung tissue harvested from 5 animals in each group for pathological analysis, while the levels of IL-10 and IL-17 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the other 5 detected by ELISA.The expressions of the cytokines Treg and Th17′in the spleen from 4 mice in each group were determined by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the RSV models, pathologic changes were significantly re-duced in the mice of the QFOL, Ribavirin and control groups (P<0.01), the expression of IL-10 remarkably up-regulated in the low-dose QFOL, high-dose QFOL, Ribavirin, and control groups ([39.21 ±1.57] vs [43.54 ±1.03], [46.64 ±0.48], [47.83 ±0.87], and [50.44 ±1.04] ng/L, all P<0.01), while the level of IL-17 markedly down-regulated ([70.96 ±0.53] vs [55.92 ±0.83], [33.66 ±0.70], [21.92 ±1.38], and [9.42 ±0.59] pg/mL, all P<0.01).The expressions of Treg/Th17′were significantly in-creased in the low-dose QFOL, high-dose QFOL, Ribavirin, and control groups (2.89 ±0.52, 6.38 ±0.36, 3.95 ±0.26, and 3.54 ± 0.85) as compared with that in the RSV models (0.96 ±0.16) (all P<0.01).Both low-and high-dose QFOL groups showed statisti-cally significant differences from the Ribavirin group in the levels of Treg, Th17, and Treg/Th17 (P<0.05). Conclusion QFOL can regulate the balance of Treg/Th17, increase the expression of IL-10 and decrease that of IL-17 in the lung tissue of RSV-infected mice, which further proves the efficacy of QFOL in the treatment of RSV-induced pneumonia.

Under the background of dual-track training mode, the current clinical program of professional master's graduate education lacks complete and unified content and requirements. We set out a unified teaching scheme of subspecialty, in the main subject acupuncture. We identified the teaching management and innovated the teaching and examination methods in the scheme. Our research gradually formed a multidisciplinary talents training system, as the foundation of developing the standardization training. This method could help to cultivate qualified graduates as the high quality talents for the national medicine development.

AIM: To investigate the effect of IL-4, CD40L on RANTES production in murine renal tubular epithelial cells (TEC). METHODS: TEC were obtained from mouse, expression of RANTES and CD40 on TEC were measured. RESULTS: (1) Activation of TEC with IL-4 resulted in significant increase in CD40 expression (P

Objective To investigate the impact of prior cerebral infarction (PCI) on in-hospital mortality in patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI).MethodsA retrospective analysis of documents of a total of 3572 consecutive patients with AMI admitted to Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from 2002 Jan.1 to 2009 Dec.31 were performed.Results There were 564 patients ( 15.8% )with PCI.Compared with the group of without PC1,the group with PCI were substantially older[(69.4 ±9.9) vs (64.2 ± 12.9)years,P =0.000],and had a higher prevalence of hypertensive disease,diabetes mellitus,prior myocardial infarction (MI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI)( respectively,71.0% vs 57.3%; 41.0% vs 25.7%,12.9% vs 9.5%; 14.9% vs 10.7%,P ＜ 0.01 ),and a higher in-hospital mortality ( 16.5% vs 10.0%,P= 0.000).Univariate analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality associated with age,gender,extensive anterior MI,anterior MI,diabetes mellitus,prior cerebral infarction,prior myocardial infarction,coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention.Logistic regression analysis found that risk factors were age,extensive anterior MI,anterior MI,diabetes mellitus and prior cerebral infarction,and protective factors were coronary angiography and percutanous coronary intervention.PCI was independently associated with in-hospital mortality,OR 1.368,95% CI 1.047-1.787,P = 0.022.Conclusion In patients with acute myocardial infarction,the presence of PCI increases the risk of worse in-hospital outcome.

Coxsackievirns A16(CVA16),together with enterovirus type 71(EV71),is responsible for most cases of hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) worldwide.Recent findings suggest that the recombination between CVA16 and EV71,and the co-circulation of these two viruses may have contributed to the increase of HFMD cases in China over the past few years.It is therefore important to further understand the virology,epidemlology,virus-host interactions and host pathogeuesis of CVA16.In this study,we describe the viral kinetics of CVAI6 in human rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells by analyzing the cytopathic effect(CPE),viral RNA replication,viral protein expression,viral RNA package and viral particle secretion in RD cells.We show that CVA16 appears to first attach,uncoat and enter into the host cell after adsorption for 1 h.Later on,CVA16 undergoes rapid replication from 3 to 6 h at MOI 1 and until 9 h at MOI 0.1.At MOI 0.1,CVA16 initiates a secondary infection as the virions were secreted before 9 h p.i.CPE was observed after 12 h p.i.,and viral antigen was first detected at 6 h p.i.at MOI 1 and at 9 h p.i.at MOI 0.1.Thus,our study provides important information for further investigation of CVA16 in order to better understand and ultimately control infections with this virus.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy and normal pressure oxygen inhalation for lung infection in patients with severe brain injury and tracheotomy.Methods Sixty lung infection patients with severe brain injury and tracheotomy were stratified by age and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score into an HBO group (30) and a conventional therapy group (30).Both groups were given treatments to reduce intracranial hypertension and protect the brain,surgery,antibiotics,and symptomatic and support therapy.In the conventional group the patients received oxygen therapy at normal oxygen pressure by tracheal cannula.In the HBO group,the patients received HBO therapy through self-made oxygen devices by the authors.The body temperature,cough and expectoration,respiratory sounds and white blood cell (WBC) count were compared between the groups.Results There were statistically significant differences in body temperature,cough and expectoration,respiratory sounds and the normalized time for the count and classification of WBC between the groups.Conclusion HBO had good treatment effectiveness for excretion and expectorant in lung infection patients with severe brain injury and tracheotomy.

A total of 60 non-acupuncture master postgraduates were divided into control class and experimental class randomly, 30 postgraduates in each class. The control class was taught by traditional teaching methods and experimental class was taught by new teaching methods. The test was conducted after one month later. All the scores were analyzed by SPSS17.0. The result showed that the oretical score ,the practical score and disease recognition rates in the experimental class were significantly higher than those in the control class (P<0.05). The questionnaires showed experimental class had obvious advantage than control class (P<0.05). The new teaching methods of acupuncture has obvious advantage than traditional teaching methods and can provide a new way for teaching acupuncture during resident standardization training.