Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are regarded as the promising option of cell replacement therapy, are able to regulate immune response after tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Secondary neuroinflammation following the mechanical injury is the essential factor of neural cell necrosis and apoptosis, even after the intracranial pressure has returned to normal. Their immune environments caused by neuroinflammtary response determine the outcome and long-term behavior function of TBI in survivors directly. MSCs modulate macrophage/microglia, drive them to polarize into alternative M2-like cells through releasing soluble cytokines, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG-6), IL-1 and TGF-β, which limits the progression of inflammation and maintain micro-environment stable. Meanwhile, macrophage/microglia exerts significant effects in MSCs survival, proliferation, differentiation and activation. It provides a novel approach as a practical anti-inflammatory therapy in clinical treatment.

BACKGROUND:Autophagy is the celular process of lysosomal pathway processing by endogenous substrates, which exists in the body cels and has been considered as type II programmed cel death. Autophagy may be a protective or balancing mechanism of normal chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE:To discuss the latest research progress in autophagy and cartilage damage aiming to better understanding the role of autophagy in cartilage damage and repair. METHODS:A computer-based search of CNKI, Wanfang database and PubMed database was performed for articles relevant to autophagy and cartilage damage published in recent 20 years with the key words of autophagy, cartilage, chondrocytes, beclin1, LC3 in Chinese and English. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Intra-articular chondrocytes can response to the changes in the microenvironment so as to adjust the extracelular matrix metabolism and maintain the biological function of articular cartilage. Hypoxic environment in which chondrocytes eixt is an important factor to causes autophagy. Autophagy is a normal balance or protection mechanism of chondrocytes. Studies on the correlation of autophagy with cartilage damage have made considerable progress in recent years, but stil in its infancy. Atg discovery at the molecular level deepens the understanding of autophagy, but the induction of cartilage autophagy pathway, signal transduction, and their effects on the survival of chondrocytes are not clear yet, which need further studies.

BACKGROUND:With deep understanding of the concept of biological fixation, more and more physicians choose interlocking intramedulary nail in the repair of femoral shaft fracture. Compared with traditional extramedulary plate, the superiority of the interlocking intramedulary nail has not been reported at present. Randomized controled clinical study is less, and lacks of systematic evaluation.
OBJECTIVE:The results of meta-analysis were used to compare the therapeutic effects of interlocking intramedulary nail and steel plate for femoral shaft fractures.
METHODS: We retrieved the MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane library, CNKI, Wanfang database, and Vip database from 2000 to 2015 by computer to colect randomized controled study on interlocking intramedulary nail and extramedulary plate for treatment of femoral shaft fractures. We screened the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, were strict quality evaluation of the selection. Excelent and good rate, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time, recovery time of knee joint function reaching 135°, knee joint function recovery time of the second operation to remove the internal fixation for reaching 135°, postoperative drainage volume, fracture healing time, nonunion or delayed union, internal fixation loosening, postoperative infection, and osteomyelitis were considered as the evaluation index of meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.2 software from the Cochrane Colaboration.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Finaly 10 Chinese articles were included, including 915 patients with femoral shaft fractures. The results of meta-analysis showed that compared with extramedulary plate, interlocking intramedulary nails for femoral shaft fractures could effectively reduce the amount of blood loss, postoperative drainage, shorten operation time, hospitalization time, fracture healing time, reduce the incidence of postoperative infection, and obtain recovery of knee joint function. These results suggest that interlocking intramedulary nail for treating femoral shaft fractures has certain advantages. The interlocking intramedulary nail can be firstly selected in the permit of patient’s economic conditions and hospital conditions.

[Objective]To evaluate the effect of massive bioactive bone substitute in repairing large animals bone defect and to know its degrading rate.[Method]The massive Polylevolactic acid?collage calcium phosphate(PLLA?cTCP) carrieres by rapid forming technology was making,and then compounding rhBMP-2 and carrieres in a ratio of 3mg rhBMP-2 to one carrier was compounded to prepare the massive bioactive bone substitutes for dogs bone defect.Then the massive bone substitutes were implanted into 2.0cm dogss radius defects in the experiment group,and the massive carriers were implanted into in the control group.The repairing effect was evaluated by radiography,histology and biomechanics,and the degrading rate of the substitues was calculated in an image analysis apparatus.[Result]Radiographically,in the experiment group,the defects were connected by callus in all dogs in 12 weeks postoperatively;in 24 weeks,the callus rebuilt well.But in the control group,there was no callus formed in 24 weeks postoperatively,and the defects were not repaired.Histologically,in 12 weeks postoperatively,the outer layer of the callus in the experiment groups was lamellar bone and the center were trabecular bone,myeloid tissue and partial degrading carrier;in 24 weeks,the lamellar bone was more compact,trabecular bone decreased,myeloid tissue increased,and the carrier degraded more.In the control group,in 12 weeks postoperatively,the fibrous tissue wrapped and infiltrated into carrier,at the same time,part of the carrier degraded;in 24 weeks,the carrier was divided up by fibrous tissue and degraded more.The degrading rate of the carder in 12 weeks in the experiment group was 43.2%,in the control group was 35.7%,in 24 weeks 58.4% and 45.4%.Biomechanics,in 24 weeks after postoperation,the radius strength in the experiment group was superior to that in the normal bone.[Conclusion]The massive bioactive bone substitutes have satisfactory repairing effect on the radius bone defects of the large animal,but its degrading rate needs improving.

Objective To discuss the effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in modulating immune responses in a rat renal transplantation model.Methods An in vivo trial of cytology was performed in one centre from March to December in 2008.Wistar rat donors and Lewis rat recipients in a renal transplantation model were randomly divided into 4 groups:MSCs (low dose,1 × 106 )therapy,MSCs (high dose,1 × 107) therapy,CsA monotherapy,and no therapy.Biochemistry methods were used to detect the levels of creatinine in serum.The survival time,renal grafting function and pathological changes of transplanted renal tissues were observed.Results Animal survival was significantly prolonged by MSCs (high dose) therapy and CsA monotherapy as compared with the no therapy group (both P＜0.01).Animal survival in the MSCs (low dose) therapy group was prolonged as compared with no therapy group (P＜0.01),but shortened as compared with MSCs (high dose) therapy group (P＜0.05) and CsA monotherapy group (P＜0.05).The MSCs (high dose) therapy and CsA therapy groups showed no special changes in histology,hut the control group showed acute rejection.Conclusion MSCs down-regulated immune responses,reduced production of some inflammatory mediators,preserved graft function in the initial stage after transplantation,and prolonged animal survival,and these effects were the same as those of CsA therapy with 1 × 107/day.

Objective To investigate the effects of DNA methylation on the expression of lympho-cyte activation gene 3 (lag3) in different human T cell lines.Methods A quantitative PCR and a flow cy-tometry analysis were performed to measure the expression of lag3 gene in various T cell lines at mRNA and protein levels.The distribution of CpG sites within the promoter and body of lag3 gene was detected to locate the potential regulatory region(s) (CpG island and CpG island shore).The levels of DNA methylation in each cell line were analyzed.The T cell lines were demethylated with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-2′-dc) for further investigation on the changes of lag3 gene expression and DNA methylation.Results Jurkat E6-1 cells showed the highest expression level of lag3 gene as compared with J.CaM1.6 and CEM cells.Hyperm-ethylated CpG islands were detected in cells of each cell line.The methylation levels of CpG island shore in J.CaM1.6 and CEM cells were higher than that in Jurkat E6-1 cells.Treatment of J.CaM1.6 and CEM cells with 5-Aza-2′-dc significantly promoted the expression of lag3 gene at mRNA and protein levels as well as the demethylation of CpG island shore.No significant differences with the expression of lag3 gene and the methylation of CpG island were observed in Jurkat E6-1 cells with or without 5-Aza-2′-dc stimulation.Con-clusion Methylation and demethylation of CpG island shore played important roles in regulating the tran-scription of lag3 gene.

OBJECTIVEThis study aims to evaluate the influence of different bone types on the stress distribution in tooth implant-supported fixed partial prostheses by using finite element (FE) analysis.

METHODSFour FE models of mandibular arch containing one implant splinted to the mandibular second premolar were built according to bone types I, II, III, and IV. Dynamic loads of 250 N were applied to the buccal and lingual cusps of the prostheses in different directions to simulate the masticatory cycle. The maximum Von Mises stresses were calculated using the FE analysis software.

RESULTSThe maximum Von Mises stresses of the cortical bones were 89.229, 91.860, 125.840, and 158.420 MPa, increasing from type I to type IV, respectively. The maximum Von Mises stresses of the trabecular bone were 58.584, 43.645, 21.688, and 18.249 MPa, decreasing from type I to type IV, respectively. During the process of dynamic loading, the maximum Von Mises stresses of the cortical and trabecular bones followed the order buccal to tongue loading>tongue to buccal loading>vertical loading.

CONCLUSIONThe results showed that bone type significantly influenced the stress distribution in bones, and that for tooth implant-supported fixed partial prostheses, bone types I and II were a better choice than bone types III and IV. More caution should be exercised when restoring missing teeth using tooth implant-supported fixed partial prostheses in softer bone regions.

Bicuspid ; Bone and Bones ; chemistry ; Dental Implants ; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Denture, Partial, Fixed ; Finite Element Analysis ; Humans ; Stress, Mechanical

Objective:To explore the curative effect and safety of febuxosta for the patients with primary gout complicated with mild to moderate renal insufficiency.Methods:60 male patients with primary gout complicated with mild to moderate renal insufficiency were enrolled in the affiliated Hospital of integrated traditional Chinese and Westem Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to August 2016 and randomly divided into two groups,the control group (n=30) was treated by allopurinol,and the study group (n=30) was treated by febuxosta treatment.The blood uric acid (BUA) and hepatorenal function were compared in the treatment period,and the incidence of adverse reactions and the recurrence of gout in post-treatment were compared.Results:At 1,2 and 3 month after treatment,the serum level of BUN in the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05).The renal function of all patients were significantly improved compared with pre-treatment (P＜0.05),but the no significant difference was found between two groups at the same time(P＞0.05).The control group showed the adverse reactions with limb discomfort,drowsiness,nausea,abdominal distension,diarrhea and itch of skin,and the study group showed limb discomfort,drowsiness and abdominal distension,and one patients presenting allergic skin rash and discontinuation of allopurinol.The total incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusions:Febuxosta could effectively and safely decrease the blood uric acid levels and improve the renal function of patients with primary gout complicated with mild to moderate renal insufficiency.

Objective To study the effects of shRNA-CtBP2 on the growth of prostate cancer PC3 cells. Methods There were three experimental groups in this study,which include blank control group, empty plasmid transfected group and transfected shRNA group. CtBP2 mRNA sequence is targeted by 3 pairs of designed interfering shRNA to built shRNA-Ct-BP2 recombinant plasmid then it is transfected into PC3 cells. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assays were used to detect the transcription and expression levels of CtBP2 mRNA and protein, respective-ly. PC3l proliferation was measured by MTT assay. Results Builting shRNA-CtBP2 recombinant plasmid and transfect-ing PC3 cells were successful. Transcription and expression levels of CtBP2 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in shRNA-CtBP2 transfected PC3 cells. After CtBP2 silencing, cell proliferation was blocked in the shRNA-CtBP2 cells compared to that of blank control group (P<0.01). Conclusion shRNA-CtBP2 could significantly inhibit CtBP2 expres-sion, suppress the growth of PC3 cells, which suggests that CtBP2 may be a new target for PCa gene therapy.

In view of the new situation in rapid variation with food safety and nutrition, and an urgent need of the practical talents in China, this study proposes corresponding reforming measures in improving teaching principle, teaching content, teaching methods, teaching equipment, teaching evalu-ation and training teachers.