Cohort studies are important observational epidemiological studies. In this perspective, we briefly introduced several ongoing prospective cohort studies of cardiometabolic diseases in China and in the U. S. , which have shaped our current understanding of cardiometabolic diseases. We hope that this perspective could shed lights on the research of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Child ; Humans ; Male ; Thyroiditis, Suppurative ; pathology

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Humans ; Male ; Porokeratosis ; genetics ; Rectal Neoplasms ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo compare five materials commonly used in dentistry, including three types of metals and two types of ceramics, by using different sequences of three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) field strengths (0.35, 1.5, and 3.0 T).

METHODSThree types of metals and two types of ceramics that were fabricated into the same size and thickness as an incisor crown were placed in a plastic tank filled with saline. The crowns were scanned using an magnetic resonance (MR) machine at 0.35, 1.5, and 3.0 T field strengths. The TlWI and T2WI images were obtained. The differences of various materials in different artifacts of field MR scans were determined.

RESULTSThe zirconia crown presented no significant artifacts when scanned under the three types of MRI field strengths. The artifacts of casting ceramic were minimal. All dental precious metal alloys, nickel-chromium alloy dental porcelain, and cobalt-chromium ceramic alloy showed varying degrees of artifacts under the three MRI field strengths.

CONCLUSIONZirconia and casting ceramics present almost no or faint artifacts. By contrast, precious metal alloys, nickel-chromium alloy dental porcelain and cobalt-chromium ceramic alloy display MRI artifacts. The artifact area increase with increasing magnetic field.

Artifacts ; Ceramics ; Chromium Alloys ; Crowns ; Dental Alloys ; Dental Materials ; Dental Porcelain ; Magnetic Fields ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Zirconium

Objective To evaluate the effect of combination of phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy on patients with cataract and glaucoma.Methods 19 patients(23 eyes)with co-existing glaucoma and cataract were treated with triple procedure by means of scleral tunnel flap.The mean follow-up period was(15.8 ±3.5)months.Results Compared with preoperative visual acuity,16(64%)of 25 eyes had a best corrected visual acuity of ≥0.6 at the last follow-up(0.1～1.0)(P＜0.01);The mean preoperative intraocular pressure(IOP)was(23.01 ±2.63)mmHg which decreased to(14.02 ±2.05)mmHg(P＜0.05 ,P ＜0.01)after treatment.Conclusion The triple procedure is effective for treating patients with co-existing cataract and glaucoma,which could enhance the visual acuity,control IOP and reduce complications.

To a certain extent, itemized government subsidies to public hospitals, primarily used for hospital infra-structure and large equipment investments, can alleviate the financial pressure of development expenditures and thus re-duce the medical expenditure burden on patients. To test the hypothesis, the panel data method has been adopted based on the data of 23 tertiary hospitals. Empirical results find that:(1) increases in itemized subsidies will reduce the burden of medical expenses on patients;(2) conversely, the impact of itemized subsidies on outpatient medical expenses is more sig-nificant. By sharing a portion of public hospital expenses and impacting hospital service providing behavior, itemized sub-sidies help to reduce the burden of medical expenses on patients.

Retrovirus (RV), a major pathogen in acute gastroenteritis in children that may lead to severe disease and heavy burdens on national economy. There is no speciifc drug treatment for the gastroenteritis caused by RV, and vaccine has been identiifed as the most effective intervention to control the associated disease burden. The RV vaccine showed differential effects on different RV infection. In China, epidemiology of RV is more complex hence demands more epidemiologic studies. In this article, we will review the epidemiology of RV in China and further discuss the importance of generalized RV vaccine.

512 ?g/ml for vancomycin.Thirty seven VanA genes were detected in 37 VREFm.The drug resistance rates to erythromycin,ampicillin,levofloxacin,gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,nitrofurantoin(Euradantin) and chloramphenicol were 100.0%,100.0%,89.2%,86.5%,91.9%,59.5%,and 5.4%,respectively.The REP-PCR generated 3-14 bands between 100 and 2000bp.They were divided into six types.CONCLUSIONS There is 100.0% agreement between phenotypes and genotypes in VREFm.VREFm are multiresistant.REP-PCR method is simple,rapid,and with lower cost to detect the homology in enterococci.

OBJECTIVE To study the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in urinary tract infection from elderly patients.METHODS A total of 406 strains isolated from urine culture of the elderly patients were identified and their drug resistance was tested by K-B method.RESULTS Among 406 strains the Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 67.0%.The majority of Gram-negative bacilli were Escherichia coli(156 strains),Proteus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter cloacae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Acinetobacter baumannii.Grampositive cocci accounted for 29.1% and Candida albicans accounted for 4.0%,respectively.The resistance rate of the main Gram-negative bacilli to imipenem,cefoperazone/sulbactam and amikacin was relatively low.And all Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to vancomycin.CONCLUSIONS The antimicrobial resistance of pathogens in elderly patients with urinary tract infection is serious.So it is important to monitor the antimicrobial resistance.

Lifestyle intervention is basic and background treatment for people with type 2 diabetes.Effective lifestyle intervention contributes to better glucose control and delay of diabetic complications.Dietary and exercise interventions as well as lifestyle advice are major components of lifestyle intervention.Dietary intervention focuses on restriction of total caloric intake and balanced nutritional composition,while exercise intervention focuses on exercise mode,frequency,intensity,timing,and duration.This review introduced several lifestyle intervention measures including exercise and dietary interventions as well as lifestyle advice,and discussed their effects on glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes.