Wheezing in children is a common problem.Approximately 30 percent of infants will have at least one wheezing episode.Although asthma is the condition most commonly associated with wheezing,the high prevalence of wheezing as a common presenting complaint requires consideration of a broad and age-dependent differential diseases.A high index of suspicion of cardiovascular anatomic anomalies should be maintained in infants and children with recurrent wheezing and minimal improvement despite reasonable treatment.Compression of the pediatric airway is a relatively common and often unrecognized complication of a variety of cardiovascular diseases.The most common congenital anomalies associated with airway compression are the vascular rings.Vascular ring abnormalities are aortic arches abnormalities,aberrant left pulmonary artery (pulmonary sling) or aberrant i nnominate artery (innominate artery syndrome).Aortic arches abnormalities include double aortic arch,right/left sided aortic arch with ligamentum arteriosum and aberrant left subclavian artery or cervical aortic arch.Other rare reasons could cause the compression of airway are absent pulmonary valve,aneurysm,left atrial enlargement or massive cardiomegaly.Imaging techniques are usually required for diagnosis.First-tier evaluation of the child with recurrent wheeze should include a chest radiograph.Echocardiography,multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed as the diagnostic pathway.Bronchoscopy is currently the techniques to assess the degree of bronchial malacia and narrowing in pre-operation.Treatment of these abnormalities usually is surgical.

BACKGROUND: Anchorage control is a critical part of orthodontic treatment, and physiologic anchorage loss consists of molar growth and drifting.OBJECTIVE: To detail the principles of physiologic anchorage spee-wire system through the growth and biologic force aspects.METHODS: A computer retrieval of PubMed and CNKI databeses was performed for relevant articles published from June 1976 to October 2016 using the keyword of physiologic anchorage control;anchorage loss; mandible growth in English and Chinese, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The physiologic anchorage spee-wire system cannot only avoid natural growth-induced physiological anchorage loss but also preserve molar anchorage,so as to achieve the request of maximum anchorage.

Tracking changes in the number and function of T cells is of great value to clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy. This review summarizes research progress in detection methods for allergen-specific T cells and their application, such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, intracellular cytokine staining assay and microarray immunosensors, providing references for selecting and developing appropriate detection methods in clinical practice.

AIM: To investigate the effect of sodium nitrite (SN) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its underlying mechanism in mice. METHODS: All male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control group;LPS group;and SN 4.8 nmol/L, SN 48 nmol/L, SN 480 nmol/L (ip) groups. Lung wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and permeability were detected. Neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by cel1 counting and morphological changes in lung tissues were assayed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The 1evels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in lung were measured according to the specification. RESULTS: Compared to lung in LPS-induced ALI mice, at doses of 4.8 nmol/L and 48 nmol/L, not 480 nmol/L, SN markedly decreased the lung W/D ratio, total leukocyte number and neutrophil percentage in the BALF, lung permeability, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, in lung. SN at dose of 480 nmol/L markedly increased the lung NO level compared to control group. In addition, SN decreased the total NOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) activities compared to LPS-induced ALI mice. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the protective effect of SN against LPS-induced ALI in mice is associated with the low dose SN-induced NO, as well as the subsequent decrease in iNOS activity and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio.

Laser scanning confocal microscope is a kind of new analytical apparatus for molecular cell biology research.It has been used in many fields of biomedical research.Brief introduction of its function and feature is given in this article.Recent development is summarized in application of laser scanning confocal microscope for localization and quantification of tumor tissue and cell protein,observation of sub-cellular structure of tumor ceils,study on tumor related receptor,distribution of antitumor drug and mechanism of tumor multi-drug resistance.

Objective To investigate the effects of different degrees of white mustard stir-processing on patient skin after acupoint application. Methods The same production batch of raw white mustard were randomly allocated to groups A, B and C. Fifty asthma patients were received acupiont application. Raw white mustard was stir-processed into slight yellow in group A, deep yellow in group B and coke yellow in group C. the skin reaction was observed in the three groups of patients after acupoint application. Results Obvious skin burning heat and burning pain sensations, and skin redness accompanied by many blisters occurred at the place of application in group A. Skin warming sensation, no or a small amount of needle tip-like blisters and skin redness without edema occurred at the place of application in group B. No or slight skin redness and unobvious skin warming sensation occurred at the place of application in group C. Conclusion White mustard stir-processed into deep yellow can effectively reduce the excessive stimulation of medicine to the skin and not markedly affect the amount of medicamentous stimulation to the acupoint.

Background and purpose:Breast cancer is a rare disease in women aged less than 25.Furthermore,there were fewer studies reporting the outcomes of this cohort and the knowledge regarding its biological characteristics and clinical features were limited. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine and audit the experience of our institution in treating the extremely young patients with breast cancer,to focus on the clinical presentation and pathological fi ndings,and to identify the prognostic factors which might be helpful in identifying those patients with a worse prognosis. Methods:From Jan 1980 to Dec 2005,there were 54 breast carcinoma patients in women aged 25 years or less treated in our hospital.We retrospectively analyzed their clinical,histological and treatment variables as well as 5-year overall survival(OS) and 5-year disease-free survival(DFS) . Results:There were 0.48% of all breast cancer cases who occurred in age of 25 or less in our institute in the period. We found 77.8% to be invasive ductal carcinoma and none of the patients had any family history of breast cancer or ovarian cancer. Clinically,68.5% were stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ,53.7% had lymph node metastasis. 79.6% were classifi ed as T1 or T2. Regarding the biological features,the frequencies of positive ER and PR were low(29.6%,36.0%,respectively) ,and the frequency of positive c-erbB2(22.2%) was higher. Lymphovascular invasion occurred in eight patients. Thirty-eight patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. 26 patients in this study died of breast cancer. The 5-year DFS and OS were 54.3% and 55.5%,respectively. In lymph node-positive patients,chemotherapy improved their 5-year OS signifi cantly(P=0.007) . The patients who might have a worse prognosis were usually with diagnostic delay more than 3 months(P=0.019) ,higherclinical stage(P=0.000) ,larger tumor size(P=0.007) ,lymph node-positive(P=0.000) and lymphovascular invasion(P=0.011) . Multivariate’ analysis revealed that both diagnostic delay more than 3 months and lymph node-positive were the independent prognostic factors(P=0.034,P=0.027,respectively) . Conclusion:Breast cancer is a rare condition in women aged 25 or less. Invasive breast cancer occurring at this subgroup has more aggressive biological behaviors. Diagnostic delay of more than 3 months and lymph node metastasis are considered adverse prognostic factors in the current study. The general principles of managing adolescents and very young women with breast cancer are no different to those applying to older women in current study,but development of tailored treatment for this population is still crucial.

To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of atomization inhalation of epinephrine combined with budes-onide and dexamethasone in the treatment of children with acute laryngitis. Methods:Totally 68 cases of children with acute laryngitis were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups were given the conventional therapy, and 30 cases in the control group were giv-en dexamethasone inhalation additionally, and the treatment group was given epinephrine combined with budesonide inhalation addition-ally. The clinical effect in 12, 24 and 72h, clinical symptom disappearance time and adverse reactions in the two groups were ob-served. Results:The clinical effect of the treatment group in 12, 24 and 72h was better than that in the control group. 72h after the treatment, 17 cases in the control group were cured, and the curative rate was 56. 67%, while 27 cases in the treatment group were cured with the curative rate of 71. 05%. The disappearance time of dyspnea and stridor, barking cough, hoarseness and the other clini-cal symptoms in the treatment group was significantly shorter than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically signifi-cant (P<0. 05). The two groups had no obvious adverse reaction. Conclusion:The clinical effect of the combination of epinephrine and budesonide inhalation in the treatment of children with acute laryngitis is better than that of dexamethasone inhalation, and the combination is safe and effective, which is worthy of clinical application.

Muscle contusion and articular ligament injury are common among athletes andhave often been treated with a cold compress of Chloro-ethane, which is combustibleand even explodable. For safety's sake we have, after repeated physical and chemical tests and expe-riments on animals, worked out a new freeze-analgesic aerosol, using Freon (F_12) assubstratum and some aromatic ingredients as additives according to both Western andChinese pharmacology. It has been applied some 500 times and a comprehensivestudy made on 118 cases whose records are comparatively intact. The subjects include 81 males and 37 females and among them are 39 footbal-lers, 24 volleyballers, 13 basketballers, 18 gymnasts, 12 track and field athletes, 6fencers, 5 wrestlers and 1 weightlifter. 105 cases, or 90%, are acute soft tissue inju-ries while the rest are chronic injuries causing pain in physical exertion. The effectiverate is 100% with muscular fascia injury and 92% with tendon and articular capsuleinjury. The new aerosol is also markedly effective in treating periostitis of tibia andRotator cuff injuries and in giving first aid to soft tissue injuries for an early re-covery of the lesion. It may be used in all temperatures and produces a satisfactoryhemostatic effect.

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel immunotherapy approach that induces systemic immune responses via topical application of antigens and adjuvants onto the skin.It is a safe and effective method,and is expected to serve as an attractive alternative to traditional vaccination.TCI induces immune responses in different directions,but the exact mechanism of skin immune tolerance is still unclear.Most studies on TCI are based on animal models.However,there are structural differences between animal skin and human skin,so more researches are needed to achieve the translation of TCI from bench to bedside.Not all vaccines are suitable for cutaneous inoculation,so vaccines for TCI should be evaluated for their safety and efficacy.Various reformed vaccine delivery systems are needed to be further explored in related diseases.