Wheezing in children is a common problem.Approximately 30 percent of infants will have at least one wheezing episode.Although asthma is the condition most commonly associated with wheezing,the high prevalence of wheezing as a common presenting complaint requires consideration of a broad and age-dependent differential diseases.A high index of suspicion of cardiovascular anatomic anomalies should be maintained in infants and children with recurrent wheezing and minimal improvement despite reasonable treatment.Compression of the pediatric airway is a relatively common and often unrecognized complication of a variety of cardiovascular diseases.The most common congenital anomalies associated with airway compression are the vascular rings.Vascular ring abnormalities are aortic arches abnormalities,aberrant left pulmonary artery (pulmonary sling) or aberrant i nnominate artery (innominate artery syndrome).Aortic arches abnormalities include double aortic arch,right/left sided aortic arch with ligamentum arteriosum and aberrant left subclavian artery or cervical aortic arch.Other rare reasons could cause the compression of airway are absent pulmonary valve,aneurysm,left atrial enlargement or massive cardiomegaly.Imaging techniques are usually required for diagnosis.First-tier evaluation of the child with recurrent wheeze should include a chest radiograph.Echocardiography,multi detector computed tomography (MDCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are performed as the diagnostic pathway.Bronchoscopy is currently the techniques to assess the degree of bronchial malacia and narrowing in pre-operation.Treatment of these abnormalities usually is surgical.

BACKGROUND: Anchorage control is a critical part of orthodontic treatment, and physiologic anchorage loss consists of molar growth and drifting.OBJECTIVE: To detail the principles of physiologic anchorage spee-wire system through the growth and biologic force aspects.METHODS: A computer retrieval of PubMed and CNKI databeses was performed for relevant articles published from June 1976 to October 2016 using the keyword of physiologic anchorage control;anchorage loss; mandible growth in English and Chinese, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The physiologic anchorage spee-wire system cannot only avoid natural growth-induced physiological anchorage loss but also preserve molar anchorage,so as to achieve the request of maximum anchorage.

Tracking changes in the number and function of T cells is of great value to clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy. This review summarizes research progress in detection methods for allergen-specific T cells and their application, such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution assay, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, intracellular cytokine staining assay and microarray immunosensors, providing references for selecting and developing appropriate detection methods in clinical practice.

To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of atomization inhalation of epinephrine combined with budes-onide and dexamethasone in the treatment of children with acute laryngitis. Methods:Totally 68 cases of children with acute laryngitis were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups were given the conventional therapy, and 30 cases in the control group were giv-en dexamethasone inhalation additionally, and the treatment group was given epinephrine combined with budesonide inhalation addition-ally. The clinical effect in 12, 24 and 72h, clinical symptom disappearance time and adverse reactions in the two groups were ob-served. Results:The clinical effect of the treatment group in 12, 24 and 72h was better than that in the control group. 72h after the treatment, 17 cases in the control group were cured, and the curative rate was 56. 67%, while 27 cases in the treatment group were cured with the curative rate of 71. 05%. The disappearance time of dyspnea and stridor, barking cough, hoarseness and the other clini-cal symptoms in the treatment group was significantly shorter than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically signifi-cant (P<0. 05). The two groups had no obvious adverse reaction. Conclusion:The clinical effect of the combination of epinephrine and budesonide inhalation in the treatment of children with acute laryngitis is better than that of dexamethasone inhalation, and the combination is safe and effective, which is worthy of clinical application.

Objective To investigate the impact of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) on cognitive function in ischemic stroke patients.Methods A total of 268 acute ischemic stroke patients recruited in the Ningbo First Hospital from January 2014 to June 2015 were divided into CMBs group (199 patients) and non-CMBs group (69 patients) according to whether complicated with CMBs by susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI).According to the microbleed number, CMBs group patients were divided into 2 grades: grade 1 (1-5 CMBs) and grade 2 (≥6 CMBs). Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to evaluate and compare the global cognitive function and cognitive domains of the patients. Results The total MoCA score and the scores of visuospatial/executive, attention domains in CMBs group were 20.95±4.53, 2.53±1.09, 3.83±0.97, while those in non-CMBs group were 26.82±1.25, 3.16±1.24 and 4.91±0.84. The total MoCA score and the scores of visuospatial/executive, attention domains were significantly lower in CMBs group than those in non-CMBs group (t=16.59, P<0.01;t=3.75, P<0.01;t=8.83, P<0.01). The total MoCA score and the score of attention domain in grade 1 CMBs group were 21.53±4.61 and 4.11±0.91 , which were significantly lower than those in non-CMBs group (t=14.09, P<0.01;t=14.23, P<0.01). Whereas the total MoCA score and the scores of visuospatial/executive, attention, orientation domains in grade 1 CMBs group were 21.53±4.61, 2.88±1.06, 4.11±0.91, 4.96±0.40, which were significantly higher than those in grade 2 CMBs group (18.58±3.08, 2.23±0.95, 3.63±1.01, 3.85±0.39, respectively;t=2.85, P<0.01;t=2.54, P<0.05;t=5.63, P<0.01;t=2.58, P<0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that independent risk factors of MoCA scores in ischemic stroke patients included CMBs (OR=3.15, 95% CI 1.28-5.12, P=0.005) and the number of CMBs (OR=1.73,95% CI 1.08-2.32,P=0.031). Conclusions CMBs and the number of CMBs were independently associated with cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke patients. And with the increasing of the microbleed number, the impairments of certain cognitive domains were more obviously.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of levofloxacin combined with Jingangteng particle in the treatment of patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.Methods According to the random number table, sixty -four patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease were divided into control group(n =32)which were treated with levofloxacin and treatment group(n =32)which were treated with levofloxacin and Jingangteng particle for three weeks.The clinical effect,symptoms and signs were evaluated and the adverse reactions between the two groups were observed as well as serum C reactive protein(CRP)were measured before and after treatment.Results The score of symptoms and signs of the treatment group were significantly lower than the control group,the difference was statistically significant [(2.61 ±2.09 )points vs.(5.32 ±3.28)points,t =3.941,P =0.000;(1.47 ± 1.02)points vs.(2.56 ±2.04)points,t =2.703,P =0.008].The level of serum CRP of the control group was (5.46 ± 1.93)mg/L,which was statistically higher than (3.76 ±1.06)mg/L of the treatment group after treatment,the differ-ence was statistically significant (t =4.367,P =0.000).The total effective rate of the treatment group was 96.9%, which of the control group was 78.1%,the difference between the two groups were statistically significant(χ2 =5.142,P =0.023).There was no significant adverse reactions during the treatment.Conclusion Levofloxacin com-bined with Jingangteng particle can obviously improve the symptoms and signs of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, they have good safety and are worthy of clinical popularization and application.

AIM: To investigate the effect of sodium nitrite (SN) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its underlying mechanism in mice. METHODS: All male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control group;LPS group;and SN 4.8 nmol/L, SN 48 nmol/L, SN 480 nmol/L (ip) groups. Lung wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and permeability were detected. Neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured by cel1 counting and morphological changes in lung tissues were assayed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The 1evels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung were detected. Nitric oxide (NO) level and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in lung were measured according to the specification. RESULTS: Compared to lung in LPS-induced ALI mice, at doses of 4.8 nmol/L and 48 nmol/L, not 480 nmol/L, SN markedly decreased the lung W/D ratio, total leukocyte number and neutrophil percentage in the BALF, lung permeability, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, in lung. SN at dose of 480 nmol/L markedly increased the lung NO level compared to control group. In addition, SN decreased the total NOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) activities compared to LPS-induced ALI mice. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the protective effect of SN against LPS-induced ALI in mice is associated with the low dose SN-induced NO, as well as the subsequent decrease in iNOS activity and TNF-α/IL-10 ratio.

Laser scanning confocal microscope is a kind of new analytical apparatus for molecular cell biology research.It has been used in many fields of biomedical research.Brief introduction of its function and feature is given in this article.Recent development is summarized in application of laser scanning confocal microscope for localization and quantification of tumor tissue and cell protein,observation of sub-cellular structure of tumor ceils,study on tumor related receptor,distribution of antitumor drug and mechanism of tumor multi-drug resistance.

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel immunotherapy approach that induces systemic immune responses via topical application of antigens and adjuvants onto the skin.It is a safe and effective method,and is expected to serve as an attractive alternative to traditional vaccination.TCI induces immune responses in different directions,but the exact mechanism of skin immune tolerance is still unclear.Most studies on TCI are based on animal models.However,there are structural differences between animal skin and human skin,so more researches are needed to achieve the translation of TCI from bench to bedside.Not all vaccines are suitable for cutaneous inoculation,so vaccines for TCI should be evaluated for their safety and efficacy.Various reformed vaccine delivery systems are needed to be further explored in related diseases.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease commonly complicated by atopic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis,and occurs most frequently in children.Due to severe conditions and recurrent attacks,severe AD seriously affects the quality of life in patients and their families,and systemic treatments are needed.With further studies on immunosuppressants and expansion of their indications in recent years,immunosuppressants have become an important immunotherapy of AD.However,for special populations,especially children,the efficacy and safety of immunosuppressants are still needed to be evaluated for the treatment of AD through basic researches and randomized controlled clinical trials,so as to provide more information for clinical medication as well as better guidance for clinical treatment.