OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China. METHODS:According to comparative study and researching related literatures,the situation of pharmacy self-taught undergraduate course system in general universities in China was analyzed,and reform ideas and programs were present-ed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Based onchemistry-biology-psychology-society-medicine-pharmacyin the overall framework of pharmacy undergraduate self-examination course system,it was designed with target of cultivating applied talents;related con-tents in public basic courses,humanities basic course and professional ethics course should throughout the whole teaching process;professional main course should be pharmaceutical knowledge-based,supplemented by medical related courses;the school should set vocational elective course to reform based on combining with the own teaching research direction,characteristics and career ori-entation of different self-taught students. The reform can develop applied talents with ability and political integrity,which meets the needs of social development.

Recently, dry powder inhalation (DPI) has become a hotspot in the research area of pulmonary drug delivery (PDD). With the development of drug micronization technology and the emergence of innovative inhaler device, DPI has now been widely applied. This article introduces the formulation composition of DPI, which consists of micronized drug particles, carrier and inhaler device, and the formulation factors of influencing the aerosolizing and deposition properties are emphatically reviewed.

Early diagnosis and early thrombolysis may have a better prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke.The benefits from the development of modem magnetic resonance imaging techniques in this field have received great attention,and it directly guides the 'management of the acute ischemic stroke,This article briefly reviews diffusion-weighted imaging,perfusion- weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy analysis that are more commonly used in current clini- cal practice.

Changhai hospital begins to practice resident standardization training.This article introduced the basic instance of it, analyzed and summarized the experiences and problems in the process.At last we give some advices to improve the job of resident standardization training.

China ; Occupational Exposure ; prevention & control ; Risk Assessment ; Workplace

OBJECTIVE To investigate the reasons of infusion reaction. METHODS The liquid and disposable infusion tubes were tested by limulus amebocyte lysate(LAL).Blood samples were collected when infusion reaction occurred and the bacteria in blood culture were detected. RESULTS A total of 58 cases of infusion reactions within two years were from clinical department.LAL of liquid infusion was positive in 5 cases.Two isolations were identified from liquid infusion respectively.LAL was negative and no isolation for the unsealed bottle of liquid drugs with same batch number.LAL was negative for samples of same lot infusion tubes.The main drugs caused infusion reaction were refined medical herbs,large molecule substance,blood products and the medicine contained potassium ion.53.4% infusion reactions occurred in autumn.The seniles had high incidence.Bacteria were isolated from 5 patients in blood culture after liquid infusion. CONCLUSIONS More than one reason that cause infusion reaction.It is important to reduce incidence of infusion reaction through quality control of infusion tubes and aseptic process in infusion.

Objective Valsartan, the angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker, is recently proved to reduce urinary albumin at the microalbuminuria stage in human diabetic nephropathy without altering glucose metabolism. But the pathway is still uncertain. In present study, we examined the changes of adrenomedullin receptor (ADMR) mRNA and protein expressions in the renal cortex of diabetic rats to investigate the protective effects of valsartan on an experimental model of diabetic renal injury. Method The SD rats were randomly divided into following groups: normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with valsartan. STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with valsartan (10mg/kg body weight) or vehicle for 8 weeks. The expressions of ADMR mRNA in renal cortex were analyzed by RT-PCR, as well as ADMR protein expressions were detected through western blot. Results We found (1) Valsartan treatments reduced urinary albumin excretion in 24h, compared with the untreated. But no notable difference was seen in HbA1c and blood sugar of diabetic rats between the two groups. (2) Valsartan treatments increased the expressions of ADMR mRNA and protein in diabetic rats renal cortex. Conclusion These results indicate that valsartan treatment can upgrade the expressions of ADMR in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. It may be one of renal protective pathways of Ang Ⅱ type 1 receptor blocker.

Objective To investigate the surgical collaboration in laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.Method A retrospective analysis was made on the clinical data of 18 cases of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.Result All laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy were completed successfully,without severe complications caused by surgical collaboration.Conclusion The key points of successful operation are delicate mental care,sufficient preoperative preparation,good cooperation during the operation and related health education.

OBJECTIVE:To build the off-label drug use control system,and to realize automatic prompt for off-label drug use by system when physicians prescribed drugs. METHODS:The module and flow chart of off-label drug use control system were de-signed based on B/S structure. The drugs of the prescriptions were verified one by one in terms of drug indication,drug dosage, age and gender of patient,route of administration,etc. The system prompted automatically off-label drug use when drug use didn’t agree with preset value;at the same time,the management effect of the system was evaluated by taken the amount of attention about antibiotics medical orders as an example. RESULTS:At present,265 kinds of drugs were involved in the system designed by our hospital. Since the system was applied,the system had prompted more than 50 thousand items of off-label drug use prescrip-tions/medical orders,accounting for 0.3% of total. Among the types of off-label drug use,the most number of medical orders were over single dose(745 items),followed by extra-indication(706 items)and over daily dose(671 items). Within 3 months after sys-tem used,the attention numbers of antibiotics medical orders of over daily dose decreased month by month. CONCLUSIONS:Es-tablished off-label drug use control system of our hospital has a stable running and convenient manipulation,and contains powerful practicability. It can monitor off-label drug use of some drugs.

?AIM: To study the changes of choroidal thickness and hemodynamic parameters in patients with diabetic retinopathy and their influencing factors.?METHODS: From January 2013 to January 2015, 100 patients (100 eyes) with type 2 diabetes were divided into 3 groups:34 patients without diabetic retinopathy ( NDR) , 36 patients with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy ( NPDR) group, and 30 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). According to the results of OCT, the patients with diabetic retinopathy were divided into 2 groups: diabetic macular edema ( DME ) group ( 28 cases) , and 38 cases without diabetic macular edema. During the same period in our hospital 35 subjects for physical examination were selected as the control group. The hemodynamic parameters of the posterior ciliary artery in different groups of patients at different distance from the center of the macular were compared, analyzing influencing factors.?RESULTS:With the aggravation of diabetic retinopathy, the choroidal thickness in different distance from the center of the macular decreased. The choroidal thickness of NPDR and PDR group were thinner than that of the control group (P<0. 05). The choroidal thickness of NDR group was not different from the control group (P>0. 05). There was no significant difference in the choroidal thickness between the DME patients and non DME patients (P>0. 05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between choroidal thickness of patients with diabetic retinopathy and diabetic duration, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, eye axis length, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (P>0. 05), but there was a correlation with BCVA (logMAR) (P<0. 01). EDV and PSV in NDR group and NPDR group were significantly lower than those in control group, RI was higher than that in control group. PSV and EDV in PDR group were significantly lower than those in other three groups, RI was higher than the other three groups, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05).?CONCLUSION:With the severity of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients, the choroidal thickness decreased, and the thickness of the choroid is beneficial in the comprehensive analysis of 2 diabetic retinopathy.