Brain ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; Neurogenesis

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the drug price regulation policy in China. METHODS:Literature research,system comparison and other methods were used to summarize the commonalities and characteristics of drug price regula-tion policy in Germany,Japan and Taiwan area of China,and the successful experience was learned. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:Drug price management in Germany,Japan and Taiwan area of China has their own characteristics. Germany conducted reference price system and new drug pricing mechanism,which was the first country to introduce the reference price system. Japan granted price premiums to innovative drugs,decreased pricing for generic drugs and adjusted drug price again. And Taiwan area of China classified and grouped differential pricing to encourage competition negotiation and regularly investigated drug prices and pric-ing. Germany,Japan and Taiwan area regard medicare pay price as core of drug price management,adopt comprehensive means to regulate the drug price,and pay attention to the monitoring and regular adjustment of market price as well. Price negotiation,phar-macoeconomics and multiple pricing methods are broadly used. Value-based drug pricing system is new trend of price policy re-form. It can be used for reference to improve the drug price regulation system in China.

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is involved in nerve growth in endometriosis-associated ectopic cyst.

METHODSThe effect of CB1R agonist and antagonist on the expression of pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 in ectopic cyst was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot in endometriosis model of 18 rats.

RESULTSImmunofluorescence revealed that PGP 9.5 was expressed in the nerve fibers and was mainly distributed in the cyst hilum. Western blot revealed that the protein density of either PGP 9.5 (2 week: 0.38 ± 0.05; 4 week: 0.63 ± 0.03; 8 week: 0.80 ± 0.07, P < 0.01) or CB1R (2 week: 0.48 ± 0.04; 4 week: 0.68 ± 0.01; 8 week: 0.80 ± 0.03, P < 0.01) in the ectopic cyst increased with cyst size. In addition, compared to control group (0.75 ± 0.01), PGP 9.5 expression in the ectopic cyst was promoted by CB1R agonist ACPA (0.81 ± 0.01, P < 0.05), and inhibited by CB1R antagonist AM251 (0.67 ± 0.03, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSCB1R was involved in the nerve growth of ectopic cyst associated with endometriosis.

Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cysts ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endometriosis ; metabolism ; Female ; Peripheral Nerves ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Piperidines ; pharmacology ; Pyrazoles ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 ; antagonists & inhibitors ; physiology ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo detect the expression of pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP)9.5 and its clinicopathologic significance in breast cancer.

METHODSThe expression of PGP9.5 was examined by immunohistochemistry EnVision method in 196 cases during 2007 to 2011, including 20 normal tissues, 14 cases of fibroadenoma, 18 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 144 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast. The relationship between PGP9.5 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics of IDC was assessed.

RESULTSPGP9.5 expression was localized in the stroma of all normal breast tissues, but there was no expression observed in all fibroadenomas and DCIS. Overall, the expression rate of PGP9.5 in IDC was 61.8% (89/144). PGP9.5 expression increased from grade 1 tumors (29.4%, 10/34) to grade 2-3 tumors (71.8%, 79/110; P = 0.000). In addition, patients with less than 3 years disease-free survival tended to show higher PGP9.5 expression (64.8%, 35/54), compared to patients with equal to and/or more than 3 years disease-free survival (46.7%, 42/90; P = 0.035). However, there was no correlation between PGP9.5 expression and tumor size, tumor stage, lymph metastasis, hormone receptor expression.

CONCLUSIONPGP9.5 expression is correlated with tumor grade and prognosis in IDC of the breast.

Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; metabolism ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; metabolism ; pathology ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Fibroadenoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Grading ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase ; metabolism