Objective To understand the academic atmosphere current situation of graduate students and put forward relevant countermeasures to protect the academic integrity of graduate students.Methods The graduate student'scientific ethics and academic atmosphere construction situation of graduate students in 10 colleges and universities in Chongqing were investigated by questionnaire survey and analyzed.Results Through 1555 questionnaires,it was found that the average investment of time on scientific research in gruduate students was insufficient,the motivation of learning was complicated,and the situation of preventing academic misconduct was serious.Conclusion This study suggests that colleges and universities should establish an academic integrity security system for graduate students,including establishment of academic integrity system and specializing academic integrity supervision institutions,and strengthing academic integrity education.

OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristics of the clinical distribution and drug resistance of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli in nosocomial infection.METHODS The bacteria were identified by API 20NE.Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by K-B disk diffusion method.RESULTS The rate of non-fermentatives in Gram-negative bacilli was 17.6%.The dominant strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa(43.8%),Acinetobacter spp(39.9%),Stenotrophomonas maltophilia(6.7%),and Burkholderia cepacia(2.7%).The resistant rates of P.aeruginosa to cefoperaxone/sulbactam,amikacin,cefepime and meropenem were less than 20%.The resistant rates of Acinetobacter spp to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperaxone/sulbactam and minocycline were less than 20%.The resistant rates of S.maltophilia to minocycline,cefoperaxone/sulbactam,piperacillin/tazobactam and levofloxacin were less than 20%.The resistant rates of B.cepacia to minocycline,piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperaxone/sulbactam were less than 20%.CONCLUSIONS The sensitivities of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli to cefoperaxone/sulbactam,piperacillin/tazobactam,minocycline,imipenem and meropenem were the highest.These antibiotics may be chosen first for the clinical treatment.

ObjectlveTo evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2 receptor) in microglial injury induced by glutamate.MethodsMicroglia cells were randomly divided into 4 grups:control group (group C),microglial injury group ( group Ⅰ),specific CB2 receptor agonist AM 1241 group ( group AM1241 ) and specific CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 group (group AM630).In group C,the cells were cultured routinely for 26 h.In group Ⅰ,the cells were incubated in the culture medium containing glutamate 10 mmol/L for 24 h.In group AM1241,the cells were incubated in the culture medium containing AM1241 2 μmol/L for 2 h,and then in the culture medium containing glutamate 10 mmol/L for 24 h.In group AM630,the cells were incubated in the culture medium containing AM630 2 μmol/L for 2 h,and then in the culture medium containing glutamate 10 mmol/L for 24 h.The cell viability and release of LDH were measured.Microglial morphology was observed under microscope.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability was significantly decreased,and the release of LDH was significantly increased in groups Ⅰ,AM1241 and AM630 (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ,the cell viability was significantly increased,and the release of LDH was significantly decreased in group AM1241 ( P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the cell viability and the release of LDH between groups 1 and AM630 ( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Glutamate induces microglial injury through inhibiting the function of CB2 receptor.

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and antimicrobial resistance of common gram-positive cocci in author's hospital.Methods Identification of these bacteria were done with API analysis system,disc diffusion tests were employed to study the antimicrobial resistance.Results A total of 25 052 clinical isolates were collected in 8 years,of gram-positive cocci accounted for 7907(31.9%).Staphylococcus aureus(3549 strains,44.9%),enterococcus(1760 strains,22.3%)and coagulase-negative staphylococcus(1558 strains,19.7%)were the most common isolates.The prevalence of MRSA increased from 59.6% in 2001 to 76.3% in 2008,and MRSCoN increased from 64.2% to 77.0%.The resistant rate of MRSA to gentamicin,clindamycin,erythromycin and levofloxacin were over 90%,to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were less than 20%.The resistant rate of MSSA to gentamicin,levofloxacin,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were low 20%,and to beta-lactamase antibacterial agents except penicillin were 0.The resistant rates of MRSCoN to all antimicrobial agents were lower than MRSA,but to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(71.2%)was higher than MRSA(21.2%).No staphylococcus strains were resistant to vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid.2.1% enterococcus feacium and 4.4% other enterococcus were resistant to vancomycin.No strains of enterococcus were found resistant to teicoplanin and linezolid.Conclusion The resistant rate of gram-positive cocci were increasing obviously,the prevalence of MRS was high.Vancomycin,teicoplanin and linezolid were the most active agents against severe infection induced by multidrug-resistant gram-positive cocci.

Objective To evaluate the association between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the 5-59A/G (rs2241027) of Htra2 gene and Parkinson's disease in Han population of the western GuangDong province. MethodsThe restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine the 5-59A/G polymorphism in the intron region of Htra2 gene in the case group (n=56) and healthy control group (n=109). ResultsA allele frequency of 5-59 A/G in cases (46.4%) was trended to more than that in controls (36.7%) (P=0.073), as well as the AA genotyping frequency (21.4% vs 11.0%, P=0.072). For the male, the frequency of AA genotype was significantly more in cases (25.7%) than that in controls (10.3%） (P=0.041), and the frequency of A allele was trended to more in cases (48.6%) than in controls (34.6%) (P=0.051). ConclusionA allele and AA genotype of the 5-59A/G (rs2241027) of Htra2 gene may increase the risk of suffering from Parkinson's disease, especially for males.

Objective To investigate the correlation between G753A and C1040T polymorphisms in the gene encoding region of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI )and cerebral infarction in patients with cerebral infarction in Chinese Han population. Methods C1040T and G753A poly-morphisms in the TAFI gene encoding region in 130 patients with cerebral infarction and 118 healthy subjects (control group)were analyzed retrospectively and they were detected by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP ). Results The GG genotyping of the TAFI gene G753A polymorphism in the cerebral group was 41. 5%(n=54)and the A allele carriers were 58. 5%(n=76),while those in the control group were 44. 9%(n=53)and 55. 1%(n=65)respectively. There were no significant differences in the GG genotyping of TAFI gene G753A polymorphism and the A allele carriers between the cerebral infarction group and the control group (χ2 =0. 288,P=0. 592). In the cerebral infarction group,the CC genotyping of C1040T polymorphism was 50. 0%(n=65)and T allele carriers were 50. 0%(n=65),while those in the control group were 51. 7%(n=61)and 48. 3%(n=57)respectively. There were no significant differences in the GG genotyping of C1040T polymorphism and the T allele carriers between the two groups (χ2 =0.071,P =0.790 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that G753A and C1040T single nucleotide polymorphisms (GA or AA genotype)in the TAFI gene encoding region were not the independent risk factors for cerebral infarction. Conclusion There are no significant differences in the correlation between the G753A and C1040T polymorphisms in the TAFI gene encoding region and cerebral infarction. They are not the independent risk factors for the onset of cerebral infarction.

Objective: To investigate epidemiological features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis(Ct) infection among youth aged 15-24 years in Beijing, so as to provide scientific basis for developing control strategies. Methods: Data regarding genital Ct infection among youth aged 15-24 years were collected from the disease surveillance information reporting system in Beijing between 2010 and 2019 and were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method. Results: During 2010-2019, a total of 1 871 cases of Ct infection was reported, 1 287(68.79%) of the cases were female. The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 3.16 per 100 000 in 2010 to 25.15 per 100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increasing rate of 25.92%( χ 2=836.86, P < 0.01 ). Increasing trends in the reported incidence were observed among males and females, females being higher than males in the year 2010 and 2012. The reported incidence rates increased annually in all age groups between 2010 and 2019, and the average annual rate of increase was highest in the group aged 15-19 years. Conclusion The reported rate of genital Ct infection showed an increasing trend among youth aged 15-24 years in Beijing, and increased rapidly among youth aged 15-24 years. More attention should be paid on sexual and reproductive health education among adolescents. Epidemic of genital Ct infection should be concerned, and its surveillance need to be improved.

Objective To investigate the correlation between late-onset sporadic parkinson's disease(PD) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of autophagy-related genes 7 (Atg7) rs2606757 (6+1196A/T)in Han Chinese population.Methods Totally 124 patients with late-onset sporadic PD(the PD group)and 105 age-and sex-matched healthy individuals(the control group)were enrolled in this study.The SNP of Atg7 rs2606757 was detected by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).After gene sequencing for the detection of allele and genotype frequencies distribution and testing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,the differences in Atg7 rs2606757 genotype and allele frequency were compared between PD group and control group and between males and females.Results The frequency of AA genotype was statistically significantly lower in the PD group[34.7％(43/124)]than in the control group[53.3 ％ (56/105)](x2 =8.063,P=0.005,OR =0.465,95％ CI:0.273-0.791).In men's PD group versus men's control group,AA genotype of the Atg7 rs2606757 showed a lower frequency for late-onset sporadic PD[33.3 ％ (23/69)vs.53.2 ％ (33/62),x2 =5.280,P =0.022,OR =0.439,95 ％ CI:0.217-0.891].Logistic regression analysis indicated that the AA genotype frequency distribution of Atg7 rs2606757 showed a significant difference between PD and control groups (OR =2.210,95％ CI:1.289-3.789,P =0.004).Conclusions The higher frequence of AA genotype at Atg7 rs2606757 only in males might be associated with the decreased risk of late-onset sporadic PD.

Objective To investigate the association between rs14016 (19 +31C/T) polymorphisms of autophagy-related genes 7 (Atg7) and Parkinson's disease (PD) in Han population in China.Methods Totally 123 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (case group) and 101 synchronized health controls (control group) were selected from Chinese Han population between January 2013 and July 2016.A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs14016 of Atg7 gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.After gene sequencing for genotyping and detection of alleles,genotype and allele frequency distributions were analyzed in the two groups.Results The frequency distributions of TT genotype and T alleles were 17.9％ (22/123) and 41.1％ (101/246) in the case group,and 5.9％ (6/101) and 31.2 ％ (63/202) in the control group,respectively.The difference in genotype frequencies between the two groups was statistically significant (x2 =7.236,P =0.007,OR =3.01,95 ％ CI:1.27-7.14).The frequencies of T and C alleles were 41.1％ (101/246) and 58.9％ (145/246) respectively in the case group,and 31.2％ (63/202) and 68.8％ (139/202) in the control group (x2 =4.655,P=0.031,OR=1.32,95 ％CI:1.02-1.70),with the statistically significant difference in the allele.The TT genotype of rs14016 showed statistical significance between the two groups by logistic regression analysis (OR=3.40,95％CI:1.32-8.80,P=0.012).Conclusions The T allele and TT genotype at the rs14016 of Atg7 gene might be associated with PD,and might increase the risk for suffering from PD,which is worthy of further fully researches.

Objective:To investigate the changes and clinical significance of white blood cell (WBC) count and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) proportion of synovial fluid after primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).Methods:A total of 59 patients (92 knees) who underwent TKA from April 2021 to July 2021 were included, including 13 males (20 knees) and 46 females (72 knees). The patients were with average age 65.17±7.49 years old (range 48-79) and with body mass index (BMI) 27.64±3.74 kg/m 2 (range 17-36 kg/m 2). There were 26 cases involved lateral knee and 33 cases bilateral knees. The left knee was involved in 46 knees, while other 46 were involved in right side. There were 54 patients diagnosed as osteoarthritis (84 knees) and 5 as rheumatoid arthritis (8 knees). None of the patients received antibiotics after hospitalization. Antibiotics were used prophylactically 30 min before surgery and after surgery. The synovial fluid WBC count and PMN proportion were detected during operation (It reflects the normal preoperative level) and on the 2nd, 5th and 35th day after operation. The changes of these indexes were analyzed. The unmixed synovial fluid was collected after the incision of the joint capsule during the operation. The outer upper edge of the patella was taken as the puncture point to extract the synovial fluid on the 2nd, 5th and 35th days after the operation. The final follow-up end point was a diagnosis of acute periprothetic joint infection (PJI) or 90 days of follow-up for patients without PJI. Results:After operation, the synovial fluid WBC count and PMN proportion showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing. The synovial fluid WBC count were 0.222(0.100, 0.567)×10 9/L, 20.011(14.573, 29.129)×10 9/L, 6.080(3.676, 8.797)×10 9/L, 0.533(0.394, 0.749)×10 9/L before surgery and at 2nd, 5th and 35th day after surgery respectively. The difference before and after operation was statistically significant (χ 2=247.343, P<0.001). The synovial fluid PMN proportion were 19.9%(15.0%, 30.0%), 96.0%(95.0%, 97.0%), 91.0%(89.0%, 93.0%) and 20.5%(15.6%, 26.9%) respectively and with significant difference (χ 2=242.521, P<0.001). Pairwise comparison of synovial fluid WBC count and PMN proportion before and on day 35 indicated no statistical significance ( P>0.05). However, the differences compared with that at other time points were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The synovial fluid WBC count and PMN proportion increased rapidly in the short term after TKA and then decreased to the preoperative level at varied rates. Referring to the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) recommended threshold for diagnosing infection during the acute stress period (within 5 d postoperatively) can result in false positives. Recovery to preoperative levels at 35th days postoperatively can be used as a basis for ruling out early infection. Thus, early joint fluid PMN proportion may have more diagnostic value than WBC counts.