The efficient immobilization of capture antibodies is crucial for timely pathogen detection during global pandemic outbreaks.Therefore,we proposed a silica-binding protein featuring core functional domains(cSP).It comprises a peptide with a silica-binding tag designed to adhere to silica surfaces and tandem protein G fragments(2C2)for effective antibody capture.This innovation facilitates precise site-directed immobilization of antibodies onto silica surfaces.We applied cSP to silica-coated optical fibers,creating a fiber-optic biolayer interferometer(FO-BLI)biosensor capable of monitoring the monkeypox virus(MPXV)protein A29L in spiked clinical samples to rapidly detect the MPXV.The cSP-based FO-BLI biosensor for MPXV demonstrated a limit of detection(LOD)of 0.62 ng/mL in buffer,comparable to the 0.52 ng/mL LOD achieved using a conventional streptavidin(SA)-based FO-BLI biosensor.Furthermore,it achieved LODs of 0.77 ng/mL in spiked serum and 0.80 ng/mL in spiked saliva,exhibiting no cross-reactivity with other viral antigens.The MPXV detection process was completed within 14 min.We further proposed a cSP-based multi-virus biosensor strategy capable of detecting various pandemic strains,such as MPXV,the latest coronavirus disease(COVID)variants,and influenza A protein,to extend its versatility.The proposed cSP-modified FO-BLI biosensor has a high potential for rapidly and accurately detecting MPXV antigens,making valuable contributions to epidemiological studies.

Waterborne viruses that can be harmful to human health pose significant challenges globally,affecting health care systems and the economy.Identifying these waterborne pathogens is essential for preventing diseases and protecting public health.However,handling complex samples such as human and waste-water can be challenging due to their dynamic and complex composition and the ultralow concentration of target analytes.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest breakthroughs in waterborne virus biosensors.It begins by highlighting several promising strategies that enhance the sensing performance of optical and electrochemical biosensors in human samples.These strategies include optimizing bioreceptor selection,transduction elements,signal amplification,and integrated sensing systems.Furthermore,the insights gained from biosensing waterborne viruses in human sam-ples are applied to improve biosensing in wastewater,with a particular focus on sampling and sample pretreatment due to the dispersion characteristics of waterborne viruses in wastewater.This review suggests that implementing a comprehensive system that integrates the entire waterborne virus detection process with high-accuracy analysis could enhance virus monitoring.These findings provide valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of waterborne virus detection,which could have sig-nificant implications for public health and environmental management.

Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinases (SGKs) are serine threonine protein kinases involved in the regulation of multiple signal transduction pathways in vivo. SGKs include SGK1, SGK2 and SGK3. SGK1 plays a crucial role in the development of diseases such as digestive inflammation and tumors by regulating inflammatory and immune responses through phosphorylation. This article briefly introduces the structure and function of SGK1, and describes the research progress and clinical significance of SGK1 in digestive diseases.