Rituximab is the first monoclonal antibody that has been approved for the treatment of lymphoma. Rituximab has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, such as diffuse large B-cell and follicular lymphomas. Maintenance therapy with rituximab has further improved the prognosis in patients with follicular lymphoma. These patients responded to induction treatment. This antibody treatment has been recommended in treatment guidelines. The treatment strategy for lymphoma has continuously improved. Recent studies focused on how to improve the definition of the indication for maintenance therapy and how to optimize the current maintenance regimens. In this review, we summarized the main studies and the most recent advances on ritux-imab maintenance therapy in patients with lymphoma.

ObjectiveTo analyze the CT appearances of primary pulmonary non-Hodgkin lymphoma(PPNHL)in order to improve its diagnosis.MethodsCT manifestations of 19 cases with PPNHL confirmed by pathology and clinical follow-up were retrospectively analyzed.ResuitsNodules 7 cases and masses 8 cases in PPNHL were ill-defined and markedly enhanced,in which air bronchogram was commonly seen.Muhiple patchy areas distributed in the bilateral lungs were found in 9 cases.Consolidation 7 cases was lobar and markedly enhanced,in which air bronchogram was commonly seen.Interstitial change manifested as bilateral diffuse ground-glass opacities and reticular shadow was found in 1 case.Mixed imaging manifestations were detected in 10 cases.Pleural effusion 4 cases was uncommon.Conclusion CT manifestations of PPNHL are varied,but some specific imaging features still exist,CT examination combined with clinical manifestations is helpful for the diagnosis of PPNHL.

Objective To study the subclavian artery angiography for hemoptysis and its clinical value.Methods Thirty-eight cases of hemoptysis undertook subclavian artery angiography after embolization of bronchial arteries and branches of thoracic aorta. Group A: 4 recurrent cases underwent subclavian artery angiography (unilateral: n =2, bilateral: n =2). Group B: 16 cases underwent subclavian artery angiography according to the manifestation on X-ray and CT (right: n =10, left: n =6). Group C: 18 cases underwent bilateral subclavian artery angiography.Results of subclavian artery angiography were divided into three classes: normal(-),chaotic and hyperplasia of small branchi vessels(+),obviously bleeding (++).Some of the obviously bleeding cases were embolized and analysed for clinical efficacy and complications. Results Bleeding cases accounted for 63.2%(24/38)and bleeding subclavian arteries accounted for 50%(29/58), including(++):37.9%(22/58) and(+): 12.1%(7/58). Positive rate of chronic fibro-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis was the highest. Bleeding sites were coincided with lung lesions. Twelve cases were embolized with the immediate cessation rate of hemoptysis reaching 100%. Eight cases with long-term follow-up showed 5 cured, 1 with significant effect and 2 recurrent. The complications occurred with fever, vomiting, chest pain, hiccup and dyspnoea.Conclusions Subclavian artery angiography has important clinical value in artery embolization for hemoptysis, especially for lesions in the upper lobes of lungs and with more fruitful result for chronic fibro-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis.

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of endovascular embolization in patients with cryptogenic massive hemoptysis who were all long-term smokers.Methods Aortography and subclavian artery angiography were performed in 21long-term smokers with cryptogenicmassive hemoptysis.Transarterial embolization (TAE) was performed in patients with detectable pathologic systemic arteries.The angiographic findings were reviewed and the clinical and follow-up CT results were observed.ResultsThe pathologic systemic arteries were all bronchial arteries (BAs) and thirty-five arteries were involved.The angiography demonstrated peripheral hyperplasia in all BAs,with 24 pathologic BAs supplying the right lung and 25 supplying the upper lobes.In thirty-five BAs,24 showed hypertrophy and 11 were normal.TAE of the pathologic BAs was successfully performed and cessation of bleeding was achieved in all patients.During follow-up,one patient had episodic bloody sputum after embolization and no recurrence in all patients.The follow-up CTdemonstratednoadditionalabnormalitybesidespre-existingpulmonaryemphysema.Conclusion Cryptogenic massive hemoptysis in long-term smokers efficiently treated by endovascular embolization of the responsible bronchial artery.

Objective To investigate the angiographic manifestation of the proper esophageal artery (PEA),the hish risk factom for the presence of the anomalous PEA in hemoptysis and to evaluate the safety of transcatheter aaefial embolization(TAE) of the PEA using gelatin sponge(GS).Methods Selective esophageal arteriography WSS performed in forty-three patients with hemoptysis,including 15 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis,18 cases of bmnchiectasis,7 cases of posttuberculous bronchiectasis and three cases of lung cancer. One case experienced failure of bronchial arterial embolization. The angiographic manifestation of the PEAs Was studied.The complications of the procedure and clinical results were observed in the patients who underwent TAE using GS.Results Thirty-nine PEAs were catheterized selectively in 37 patients(86.0%).Eighteen anomalous PEAs(46.2%)were catheterized selectively in 17 patients (45.9%).The anomalous PEAs showed tortuosity,dilatation,hyperplasia,shunting with pulmonary artery and anastomosis with the bronchial artery.All lesions involved basal segment of inferior pulmonary lobar. Bronchiectasis Was the most frequent disease for PEA abnormality. No complications occurred and satisfactory curative effect Was achieved with TAE of the anomalous PEAs.Conclusions It is necessary to perform selective proper esophageal arteriography when the lesion involves basal segment of inferior pulmonary lobar in hemoptysis.Supplemental TAE of the anomalous PEA using GS is safe and valuable in the management of hemoptysis.

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) for pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH).MethodsOne hundred and thirty patients with PAH confirmed by right cardiac catheterization were examined by CMRI and the results were compared with that of 31 healthy control participants.The main pulmonary artery diameter( MPAD),aortic diameter( AOD),main pulnonary arterydiameter/aorticdiameter(MPAD/AOD), rightventricular end-diastolicvolume ( RVEDV ),right ventricular end-systolic volume ( RVESV),right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and right ventricular mass (RVM) were measured.The independent samples t-test was used to compare the PAH group with the control group.The Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between cardiac and arterial measurements and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP).ResultsThe MPAD,MPAD/AOD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVM in PAH group[ (3.88 ±0.57) cm,1.36 ±0.17,(161.63 ±56.37) ml,( 112.61 ±41.46) ml,(82.70 ± 20.73) g,respectively ] were increased compared with those in normal control group[ (2.74 ±0.31 ) cm,0.90 ±0.07,( 131.31 ± 15.14) ml,(61.33±9.00) ml,(44.39±5.87) g,respectively].The RVSV and RVEF in PAH group[(49.02 ±19.20) ml,( 30.76 ± 5.85 ) ％,respectively ] were decreased compared with those in normal control group [ (69.95 ± 9.63 )ml,(53.28 ± 4.14 )％,respectively ].The MPAD,MPAD/AOD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVSV,RVEF,RVM were significantly different between PAH patients and control participants(tMPA =10.82,tMPAD/AOD=14.93,tRVEDV=2.96,tRVESV=6.83,tRVSV=-5.89,tRVEF=-20.22,tRVM=10.12,respectively,P＜0.01).There were no significant correlations between MPAD,RVEDV,RVESV,RVSV and PAP (r=0.299 for MPAD,r =0.127 for RVEDV,r=0.278 for RVESV,r =-0.229 for RVSV).Moderate positive correlations were found between MPAD/AOD, RVM and PAP (r =0.702 for MPAD/AOD,r =0.683 for RVM ).A moderate negative correlation was found between RVEF and PAP (r=-0.660).Conclusion CMRI is an excellent imaging modality for the diagnosis of PAH. The MPAD/AOD,RVM,and RVEF can be used to indicate the severity of PAH.

This study aimed at comparing the precise powder decoction pieces and market raw TCM slices of P.cacumen over the decocting quality.ITS2 sequence was adopted as a DNA barcode to identify P.cacumen.The chemical composition of the medicinal materials was characterized by HPLC fingerprints for the evaluation of the similarity of precise powder decoction pieces and market TCM slices.The concentrations of quercitrin were determined using UPLC,and the characteristic common peaks were identified.In addition,the extraction efficiency between the market TCM slices and the precise powder decoction pieces was also compared by standard decoction method.It was found that P.cacumen was accurately identified by ITS2 sequences.HPLC fingerprints showed that the extraction efficiency and similarity of the precise powder decoction pieces increased compared with the market TCM slices.However,the extraction yield rate of the precise powder decoction pieces was improved by 20％ increased in accordance with the standard decoction method,while the contents of the index component,quercitrin,presented rare increase and the decocting rates of the other chemical components little change in the study.In conclusion,it was indicated that precise powder decoction pieces improved the extraction efficiency and uniformity in comparison with TCM slices.

This study aimed at evaluating the quality of precise powder decoction pieces (PPDP) of E.Folium (EF) compared with the traditional commercial slices by chemical fingerprint methods and DNA molecular identification technology.Different specifications of PPDP were prepared,and their dry extract contents were in contrast with that of commercial slices.The slices of EF were identified using ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences.Three batches of commercial slices were collected,and the content uniformity,fingerprint and similarity evaluation before and after the mixing and pulverization were detected by HPLC-DAD and DNA sequence alignment.It was found that the paste rate of PPDP was slightly higher than that of the traditional commercial slices.The dissolution of chlorogenic acid of PPDP was higher than that of the traditional commercial slices.RSD of inter-assay dissolutions of chlorogenic acid of commercial slices was 15.56％,which was reduced to 6.82％ after mixing and preparing into PPDP.The fingerprints showed that the similarity of the PPDP of EF was elevated with the inceases of 10 marketed common peaks.The PPDP of EF was accurately identified by ITS2 and psbA-trnH sequences.In conclusion,compared with traditional commercial slices of EF,the PPDP apparently improved the dissolution rate and the quality uniformity,demonstrated that the boiled powder of CRP achieved obvious clinic advantages.

This study aimed at investigating the drug preparation of precise powder decoction pieces (PPDP) system,Fallopia multiflora radix preparata (FMRP) was employed in this study.Different specifications of PPDP were prepared,their extract rates were in contrast with the original pieces.Compared the quality uniformity of three batches between FMRP original slices and its PPDP extraction,the similarity of the chemical fingerprints was evaluated,and the contents of common peaks and quality uniformity were compared by relative peak areas.ITS2 sequence was taken as a DNA barcode to identify F.multiflora radix (FMR).As a result,the extract rate of PPDP was 2.5 times as much as the original slices.The average content of stilbene glucoside from the three original slices and the PPDP extraction were 3.56 ± 2.61 and 13.23 ± 0.37 mg·g-1,respectively;while the RSD were 73.28％ and 2.82％.The similarity of the fingerprints of the PPDP extraction was almost the same as that of the original slices,but the content and the uniformity of the common peaks of the PPDP extraction were significantly improved.Thus,FMR was accurately identified using ITS2 sequences.It was concluded that the PPDP considerably improve the decocting rate and quality uniformity,indicating that PPDP could save resources and improve the clinical efficacy.

Objective To understand the genetic background of the specific pathogen-free Yorkshire and Landrace pigs, imported from Canada by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Methods The population genetics were investigated by using 19 pairs of microsatellite primers.Results In the Yorkshire pigs and Landrace pigs, 84 and 89 alleles, respectively, were detected at 19 microsatellites loci.The average polymorphic informa-tion content and mean heterozygosity in the Yorkshire pigs were 0.5271 and 0.5877, and in the Landrace population were 0.5652 and 0.6066, respectively.Because of the significant ( P<0.01) differences of alleles in different loci such as S0155,S0143,S0178,Sw857 and Sw936, it made them possible to be used to identify Yorkshire and Landrace pigs′breed. F-statistics showed that the differentiation within the population was small and genetic structure was stable.Conclusions Compare with the domestic pedigree large White and Landrace pigs, the SPF pedigree pigs imported from Canada are more stable in genetic structure, and can be used as laboratory animal models in animal science research.