Mouse and rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus play a key role in basic and clinical translational stud-ies.Different animal models should match the determined investigational objects and methods .In this review, the estab-lishments and diabetes-specific changes of various animal models were described , which will be helpful for better use of ani-mal models in research of diabetes mellitus .

Neonatal cerebral infarction is an area of damaged cerebral tissue resulting either from disruption to blood flow in a major cerebral artery from thrombosis or embolism or from thrombosis in a major cerebral vein.The pathogenesis is unknown at present,many studies have shown that genetic,mother hypertension,gestational diabetes,smoking,neonatal congenital heart disease,infections,meningitis are the risk factors of neonatal cerebral infarction.

Objective:To investigate the effects of safflor yellow ( SY) on body fat, fatty liver and insulin resistance in diet-in-duced obese mice. Methods:Male C57BL/6 mice at the age of 4 weeks were fed with high fat diet ( HF) for 8 weeks to make the obese model. The mice were intraperitoneally injected SY (100 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) for 6 weeks. At the end of experiment, the introper-itoneal glucose tolerance test ( IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test ( ITT) were performed, and the body fat, blood lipid profile and the other metabolic parameters were detected. Meanwhile, the epididymis fat and liver tissue were withdrawn for HE staining, the adipo-cyte area was quantified and the morphology of liver was observed. Results:SY significantly reduced the body weight, body fat mass, adipocyte area, liver weight and blood lipid levels of the obese mice (P<0. 05), and fatty liver was obviously alleviated after the ad-ministration of SY. Meanwhile, IPITT and ITT tests showed that SY significantly improved the glucose intolerance and insulin resist-ance of the obese mice(P<0. 05). Conclusion:SY has significant weight-loss effects and it can alleviate fatty liver, and improve glu-cose intolerance and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice.

Purpose　To assess the clinical efficacy and safety of acute cerebral progressive infarction cured with urokinase in combination with heparin sodium. Methods　There were 50 cases in the control group and treated group. The treated group was treated with urokinase 300,000 units/day intravenous for 1～2 days, heparin sodium 12,500 units/day intravenous for 5 days, the control group was treated with heparin sodium 12,500 units/day intravenous for 5 days. All patients were treated within 5 days of onset and the deterioration of neurological deficits within 10 hours. The hypodensity was showed by brain CT scan without hemorrhage, MDS score was given before and after cure 30 days for comparison. Results　The neurological deficits improvement in the treated group was more efficient than the control group and no hemorrhage was found. Conclusion　Middle dose urokinase infusion in combination with heparin sodium intravenous in treatment of acute cerebral progressive infarction was safe and effective and showed obviously clinical valuable.

In this paper,we analyzed 24 international cooperation projects involving human genetic resources from 1999 to 2009 hosted by the Cancer Institute and Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.The analysis concerned the overall situation of the projects,the foreign cooperative units,subject distribution,research content,export planning,actual export and achievement.We also put forward proposals to improve the human genetic resources management.

Objective To investigate the effects of human milk fortifier(HMF)addition at different time points on the growth,development and the incidence of complications in very low birth weight(VLBW)infants.Methods A total of 93 VLBW infants admitted into Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Tianjin Central Hospital of Obste-trics and Gynecology from January to September 2015 with more than 80％of total milk intake during hospitalization,excluding those who had severe asphyxia or abandoned treatment and died,were collected.The included cases were divided into 2 groups by using completely randomized grouping method,early fortification group(n=48)and delayed fortification group(n=45)adding HMF with the enteral intake of 50 mL/(kg·d)and 100 mL/(kg·d),respectively.The outcomes included growth development and the incidence of complications during hospitalization.Then,t test and chi-square test of independent samples were used for statistical analysis.Results There was significant difference in the weight growth rate between the 2 groups,and the growth rate of early fortification group and delayed fortification group were(15.4±2.4)g/(kg·d)and(13.6±2.3)g/(kg·d),respectively(t=3.043,P=0.004).There was no significant difference in height growth rate,head circumference growth rate,weight at 34 weeks postmenstrual age,time of recovering birth weight and parenteral nutrition,hospitalization duration,body weight,body length,head circumference at discharge and the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation between the 2 groups(all P>0.05).There was no statistical difference in incidence of feeding intolerance,necrotizing enterocolitis,nosocomial infection,retinopathy of prematurity,bronchopulmonary dysplasia between the 2 groups(all P>0.05).Conclusions HMF with enteral intake of 50 mL/(kg·d)contributes to weight gain rate in VLBW infants during hospitalization,but not to the increase in the incidence of complications.

ObjectiveTo understand the behavioral characteristics,strength on suicide ideation and mental disorder diagnosis among suicide attempers,so as to provide consultation for crisis intervention of suicide.Methods232 suicide attempters from emergency of 5 general hospital in south-west of Shandong province were enrolled.They were assessed using questionnaires on attempted suicide behaviors and scale on the strength of suicide ideation,and were diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ Disorders axis Ⅰ for patient (SCID/I-P).Results( 1 ) In the total of 232 cases,female was more than male with the gender ratio of 2.87 (female vs male).The highest proportion rate (56.9％) existed between 16 years old to 35 years old.Oral application pesticide was the most commom suicide pattern (83.2％),91.4％ of the suicide attempt occurred in the their homes.The top three reasons leading to suicide were family contrary (61.2％),depressive mood (15.1％)and fail in love (9.5％).(2) In all cases,83.6％ did not think if they were found,84.1％ did not adopted any precaution measures,over 60.0％ did not tell anyone their attempted plans,and 90％ had no dying structions and /or dying testaments before their attempted behaviors.At the moment of attemp behaviors,62.9％ did not contact with someone.The 60.0％ of all the cases had wanted strongly to die,otherwise 7.3％ had wanted to manipulate others.(3) The diagnosis rate of mental disorder on DSM-Ⅳ was 45.3％,in which the mood disorder was most.ConclusionThere are no changes on the behavioral characteristics among the suicide attempters in the south-west rural area of Shandong province.Their strength of suicide ideation are moderate,and a certain proportion of suicide attempters may be impulsive suicide attempters.There is more relationship between mental disorder and suicide attempt.

Objective To investigate the inducing effect of acitrotin on the growth and apoptosis of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC13 and on caspases expression.Methods Human cutaneous squa-mous cell carcinoma cell line SCC13 was treated with five different concentrations of acitrefin [5×10-7,1×10-6,5×10-6,1×10-5,5×10-5mol/L].Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay.Apoptosis was assessed by en-zyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The cell cycle was assessed by flow cytometry.The protein expressions of caspase-8 and caspase-9 were examined with Western blot.Results Acitretin inhibited the growth ( F = 83.64,96.34 and 123.17, respectively on the first, third and fifth day)and induced the apoptosis of SCC13 cells(F=74.45,107.37,and 64.28, respectively on the first, third and fifth day) in a dose- and time-dependent manner(P<0.05).Acitretin altered cell cycle distribution of SCC13 cells as compared with controls, the G1-phase population increased by 77.66% 72 hours after acitretin treatment, while the control increased only by 63.55%.An active fragment of caspase-8 occurred following 12 hours treatment of acitretin on SCC13 cells, whereas the caspase-9 active fragment occurred 24 hours after acitretin treatment, which increased time-dependently (P<0.01).Conclusion Acitretin plays an important role on the growth inhibition and apoptosis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells, which may be affected through both Fas receptor way and mitochondria way.

Objective: To investigate the effects of exenatide on body weight, blood glucose, blood lipids and proteinuria in obese and overweight young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes to provide reference for better controlling the macro-vascular and micro-vascular complications in the patients.Methods: Totally 60 obese and overweight young and middle-aged patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes were chosen and randomly divided into exenatide group and novolin N group with 30 ones in each.The patients maintained the previous oral hypoglycemic drugs, and exenatide group was treated with exenatide, Novolin N group was treated with protamine biosynthetie human insulin(NovolinN), and the treatment course was 3 months.The body weight, BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting C-peptide (FCP), 2-hour postprandial C-peptide (2hCP), blood lipids, plasma homocysteine (HCY) and urine microalbumin (UMA) were compared before and after the treatment.Results: After 3 month treatment,the FPG,zhpG and HbAlc were significantly decreased both in exenatide group and NwoCinN group(P<0.05),and were no significant differences.were found in these parameters between the two groups(P>0.05).In exenatide group, the levels of FCP and 2hCP were higher than those before the treatment (P<0.05), and the body weight, BMI, TG and UMA were significantly lower than those before the treatment (P<0.05).However, in Novolin N group, all the above-mentioned indices were not significantly changed after the treatment (P>0.05).Conclusion: Exenatide can effectively control blood glucose, improve β-cell function, reduce body weight, lower blood lipids and decrease urine protein.

Objective To investigate the recognition of nurses and patients on chosing daily caregivers and analyze the influencing factors. Method Totally 1,119 nurses and 1,134 patients from five first-class and two second-class hospitals in Zhuhai participated in the survey using self-designed questionnaires from April to June in 2014. Results There were significant differences between nurses and patients in all life nursing projects (P<0.001) except making beds for patients. The top three factors influencing the nurses′recognition were shortage of nursing staff and time, less presence of professional values and feeling no respects. The top three factors influencing the patients′recognition included tending to be nursed by family members, worries about medical expenses, and nurses′being too busy on treatment. Conclusion The different recognitions of nurses and patients on daily caregivers are influenced by multiple factors. Therefore , nursing managers should take some effective strategies to change the concepts of nurses and patients so as to improve quality of nursing service.