Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of hippocampal insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1)/IGF-1 receptor (1GF-1 R) signaling pathway and learning and memory function and to investigate the possible mechanisms of vascular dementia (VaD).Methods A rat chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model was induced by using permanent bilateral common carotid artery ligation.At day 3,1 and 2 weeks,1,2 and 4months after modeling,Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the changes of learning and memory function in rats.HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of hippocampal neurons.Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the dynamic changes of IGF-1,IGF-1R,Akt and p-Akt in hippocampal tissue.Results One month after modeling,the rats of a model group began to appear significant learning and memory dysfunction.The numbers of crossing the platform were significant lower than those in a sham operation group (1.91 ±0.45 times vs.3.95 ± 1.64 times; t =17.251,P =0.000).With the extension of ischemia time,the degree of injury of pyramidal cells in hippocampal CA1 region aggravated gradually in the model group.The levels of IGF-1 and p-Akt in hippocampal tissue increased early after modeling in the model group,and then they declined gradually to the normal levels.The levels of IGF-1 (0.09 ± 0.05 ng/mg vs.0.20 ±0.03 ng/mg; t =-5.263,P =0.003) and p-Akt (12.50± 1.40 pg/mg vs.17.13 ± 0.87 pg/mg; t =- 5.651,P =0.000) at 1 month were significantly lower than those in the sham operation group and continued to 4 months.There were no significant changes in the levels of IGF-1R and Akt.Conclusions The down-regulation of IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling pathway may be one of the pathogeneses of VaD.

Stigma is more common in patients with anxiety disorders, which is a barrier factor for patients' treatment and greatly affects patients' physical and mental health. This paper mainly reviews the related concepts, research progress, measurement tools, influencing factors and strategies of stigma in anxiety patients, in order to provide reference for the research of stigma in anxiety patients in China.

Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECT) is the most common childhood idiopathic focal epilepsy and used to be considered as one of the childhood epilepsy syndromes with the best prognosis. In recent years, more and more studies have found that patients with BECT have varying degrees of cognitive dysfunction. This article reviews some of research progresses in the clinical features, neuropsychology and neuroimaging of patients with BECT, in order to explore the effects of seizures, age of onset, interictal discharges, changes of brain structure and functional network, as well as antiepileptic drugs on cognitive function in patients with BECT.