Dust ; Humans ; Inflammation ; metabolism ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; metabolism ; Silicon Dioxide ; adverse effects ; Silicosis ; metabolism

Objective: To investigate the effects of crystalline silica with different exposure patterns on lung fibrosis in rats. Methods: A total of 20 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups consisting of five animals each and received intratracheal instillation of sterile saline or silica suspension in different patterns: saline once at day 0, saline once/week, crystalline silica 50 mg at day 0, crystalline silica 6.25 mg/week. The rats were sacrificed at 8 weeks. The lung tissues were collected for pathological analyses, and determining mRNA and protein levels of related fibrogenic molecules. Results: The collagen deposition induced by crystalline silica in lung tissues were increased. The mRNA levels of IL-1β and Col I in group c were significantly elevated than those in group saline once at day 0 (all P<0.05). Compared with group saline once/week, the mRNA levels of IL-1β, TGF-β, Col I, Col III and CTGF were significantly increased in group crystalline silica 6.25 mg/week (P<0.05) . The mRNA levels of Col I and CTGF were significantly increased in group crystalline silica 6.25 mg/week in comparison with those in group crystalline silica 50 mg at day 0 (P<0.05) . Conclusion Given the same cumulative dose of crystalline silica, multiple exposures were likely to induce more severe lung fibrosis.

Objective: To investigate the modulation role of Gas6 in silica-induced inflammatory effect on human macrophages. Methods: Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of silica for 6 h and 24 h. Additionally, silica-activated macrophages were treated with different concentrations of recombine human Gas6 and Gas6 antibody respectively. Cell viabilities were determined by CCK-8 kit. Expression levels of Gas6 and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were measured by ELISA assay kits. Results: Silica particles induced clear dose-dependent decreases of cell viability and Gas6 expression at both 6 h and 24 h. The cell viability of 24 h is lower than 6 h at the same concentration of silica (P<0.05). Furthermore, silica activated macrophages treated with Gas6 antibody induced significant decreases of Gas6 both at 6 h and 24 h (P<0.05). After pretreated with various concentrations of Gas6 antibody, silica induced higher expressions of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in dose-dependent manners at two time points. Addition of exoge-nous Gas6 significantly suppressed silica-induced inflammatory cytokines concentrations mentioned above in the cell culture supernatants in clear dose-dependent manners. Conclusion Exogenous Gas6 could inhibit the secre-tion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages, while the block of Gas6 might enhance this inflammation.

Morita therapy has been bom for more than 100 years.Inpatient Morita therapy is highly oper-able and easy to master.It can improve many refractory neuroses through four-stage treatment.But more neuroses are treated in outpatient clinics,and Morita therapy cannot be used in hospitalized patients.Therefore,the formula-tion of expert opinions on outpatient operations is particularly important.This paper is based on domestic and for-eign references,and after many discussions by domestic Morita therapy experts,and then drew up the first version of the expert opinions on operation of outpatient Morita therapy.Meanwhile the operation rule of Morita therapy in three stages of outpatient treatment was formulated:in the etiological analysis stage,under the theoretical guidance of Morita therapy,analyze the pathogenic factors,to improve treatment compliance and reduce resistance;during the operating stage,guide patients to engage in constructive and meaningful actions,realizing the achievement of letting nature take its course principle;in the cultivating character and enriching life stage,pay attention to positive infor-mation,expanding the scope and content of actions,improving the ability to adapt to complex life,and preventing recurrence caused by insufficient abilities.It will lay a foundation for the promotion of Morita therapy in domestic outpatient clinics,so that more patients with neurosis and other psychological diseases could receive characteristic Morita therapy treatment in outpatient clinics.

Objective To investigate the associations between 21 metals in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and their corresponding concentrations in urine in the general population.Methods Between April and May 2011,this panel study enrolled 120 residents using random sampling approach in Wuhan communities which contained 3 035 subjects.Participants were aged 18 to 80 years and had lived in the sampling buildings for at least 5 years.Data from basic questionnaires,physical examinations,and morning blood and urine samples under fasting conditions were collected.Participants with missing data were excluded.Finally,83 particpants included.Participants were instructed to use personal air samplers to continuously monitor PM2.5 for 24 h.The following 21 metals were measured in PM2.5 and urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry:aluminum,titanium,vanadium,chromium,manganese,cobalt,nickel,copper,zinc,arsenic,selenium,rubidium,strontium,molybdenum,cadmium,tin,antimony,barium,tungsten,thallium and lead.The associations between PM2.5 metals and urinary metals were investigated using generalized linear regression models.Results The age of the study population was (51.5±6.3)years.After adjusting for age,sex,smoking status,BMI,education and income,elevated urinary chromium was significantly associated with increased chromium concentrations in personal PM2.5.The least square means (standard deviation) of urinary chromium in participants classified as having low exposure (＜12.491 ng/m3),intermediate exposure (12.491-32.388 ng/m3) and high exposure (＞32.388 ng/m3) were (-1.334±0.756),(-1.114±0.813) and (-0.718±0.645) μg/mmol creatinine,respectively (P=0.009).However,the association between urinary and personal PM chromium was not observed after additionally adjusting for false discovery rate (P＞0.05).Furthermore,the results demonstrated that other metals in PM2.5 were not related to their corresponding concentrations in urine of subjects.Conclusion Urinary concentrations of metals did not reflect human exposure to metals in air,and may not be appropriate as an index to assess personal exposure to metals in particulate matter.

Objective To investigate the association between levels of 23 urinary metals and lung function,and explore their does-response relationships in the general population of Wuhan province,China.Methods This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled volunteers from two communities of Wuhan between April and May 2011.All volunteers had resided in Wuhan for at least 5 years.Information from questionnaires and physical examinations were collected and lung function was assessed.Data from 2 540 volunteers were included.Urinary levels of 23 metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The relationship between urinary metals and lung function was analyzed with single and multiple regression models.Results The mean age of the study population was 52.8 years.Mean levels of urinary metals,after adjustment for creatinine,including cobalt,copper,zinc,nickel,antimony and barium were 0.02,0.68,23.80,0.20,0.10,0.34 and 0.26 μg/g creatinine,respectively.There were significant concentration-response relationships between increases in some urinary metals and reduced lung function.Single-metal regression models demonstrated that for each 1-unit increase in urinary levels of cobalt,lncopper,lnzinc,lnantimony,there was a reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.091 L (95％CI:-0.155--0.027),0.101 L (95％CI:-0.178--0.025),0.094 L (95％CI:-0.172--0.027) and 0.1 18 L (95％ CI:-0.203--0.033),respectively.Each 1-unit-increase in urinary lncobalt,lnnickel,lnstrontium,lnantimony,lnthallium,lnlead was associated with a reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)of 0.070 L (95％CI:-0.124--0.016),0.063 L (95％CI:-0.118--0.007),0.063 L (95％CI:-0.124--0.002),0.092 L (95％CI:-0.164--0.020),0.055 L (95％CI:-0.105--0.005),0.081 L (95％CI:-0.148--0.014),and 0.097 L (95％ CI:-0.151--0.042),respectively.With respect to metal co-exposure,FVC was significantly associated with elevated urinary levels of cobalt,Cu and Sb,with reductions of 0.126 L (95％CI:0.037-0.216) and 0.106 L (95％CI:0.021-0.192),respectively,while FEV1 was significantly associated with elevated urinary Co,Sb,Ba and Pb,with reductions of 0.067 L (95％CI:-0.129--0.005),0.142 L (95％ CI:-0.247--0.037),0.073 L (95％ CI:-0.142--0.003) and 0.104 L (95％ CI:-0.175--0.034),respectively.Conclusions Certain urinary metals were potentially associated,in a dose-dependent manner,with reduced lung function in the general population.Co-exposure to metals had stimulative and anti-stimulative effects on lung function.

Objective To investigate the associations between 21 metals in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and their corresponding concentrations in urine in the general population.Methods Between April and May 2011,this panel study enrolled 120 residents using random sampling approach in Wuhan communities which contained 3 035 subjects.Participants were aged 18 to 80 years and had lived in the sampling buildings for at least 5 years.Data from basic questionnaires,physical examinations,and morning blood and urine samples under fasting conditions were collected.Participants with missing data were excluded.Finally,83 particpants included.Participants were instructed to use personal air samplers to continuously monitor PM2.5 for 24 h.The following 21 metals were measured in PM2.5 and urine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry:aluminum,titanium,vanadium,chromium,manganese,cobalt,nickel,copper,zinc,arsenic,selenium,rubidium,strontium,molybdenum,cadmium,tin,antimony,barium,tungsten,thallium and lead.The associations between PM2.5 metals and urinary metals were investigated using generalized linear regression models.Results The age of the study population was (51.5±6.3)years.After adjusting for age,sex,smoking status,BMI,education and income,elevated urinary chromium was significantly associated with increased chromium concentrations in personal PM2.5.The least square means (standard deviation) of urinary chromium in participants classified as having low exposure (＜12.491 ng/m3),intermediate exposure (12.491-32.388 ng/m3) and high exposure (＞32.388 ng/m3) were (-1.334±0.756),(-1.114±0.813) and (-0.718±0.645) μg/mmol creatinine,respectively (P=0.009).However,the association between urinary and personal PM chromium was not observed after additionally adjusting for false discovery rate (P＞0.05).Furthermore,the results demonstrated that other metals in PM2.5 were not related to their corresponding concentrations in urine of subjects.Conclusion Urinary concentrations of metals did not reflect human exposure to metals in air,and may not be appropriate as an index to assess personal exposure to metals in particulate matter.

Objective To investigate the association between levels of 23 urinary metals and lung function,and explore their does-response relationships in the general population of Wuhan province,China.Methods This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled volunteers from two communities of Wuhan between April and May 2011.All volunteers had resided in Wuhan for at least 5 years.Information from questionnaires and physical examinations were collected and lung function was assessed.Data from 2 540 volunteers were included.Urinary levels of 23 metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The relationship between urinary metals and lung function was analyzed with single and multiple regression models.Results The mean age of the study population was 52.8 years.Mean levels of urinary metals,after adjustment for creatinine,including cobalt,copper,zinc,nickel,antimony and barium were 0.02,0.68,23.80,0.20,0.10,0.34 and 0.26 μg/g creatinine,respectively.There were significant concentration-response relationships between increases in some urinary metals and reduced lung function.Single-metal regression models demonstrated that for each 1-unit increase in urinary levels of cobalt,lncopper,lnzinc,lnantimony,there was a reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) of 0.091 L (95％CI:-0.155--0.027),0.101 L (95％CI:-0.178--0.025),0.094 L (95％CI:-0.172--0.027) and 0.1 18 L (95％ CI:-0.203--0.033),respectively.Each 1-unit-increase in urinary lncobalt,lnnickel,lnstrontium,lnantimony,lnthallium,lnlead was associated with a reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)of 0.070 L (95％CI:-0.124--0.016),0.063 L (95％CI:-0.118--0.007),0.063 L (95％CI:-0.124--0.002),0.092 L (95％CI:-0.164--0.020),0.055 L (95％CI:-0.105--0.005),0.081 L (95％CI:-0.148--0.014),and 0.097 L (95％ CI:-0.151--0.042),respectively.With respect to metal co-exposure,FVC was significantly associated with elevated urinary levels of cobalt,Cu and Sb,with reductions of 0.126 L (95％CI:0.037-0.216) and 0.106 L (95％CI:0.021-0.192),respectively,while FEV1 was significantly associated with elevated urinary Co,Sb,Ba and Pb,with reductions of 0.067 L (95％CI:-0.129--0.005),0.142 L (95％ CI:-0.247--0.037),0.073 L (95％ CI:-0.142--0.003) and 0.104 L (95％ CI:-0.175--0.034),respectively.Conclusions Certain urinary metals were potentially associated,in a dose-dependent manner,with reduced lung function in the general population.Co-exposure to metals had stimulative and anti-stimulative effects on lung function.

Objective To analyze the basic characteristics and variation trend of death causes of permanent residents in Enshi City during 2013-2018, to assess the burden of different diseases, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating disease prevention and control strategies. Methods The death monitoring data of permanent residents in Enshi City, Hubei Province from 2013 to 2018 was collected. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, life expectancy, potential years of life loss (PYLL), standard potential years of life loss (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated to describe the distribution and trend of death causes. Results The average annual crude death rate and standardized death rate of residents in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018 were 679.43 per 100 000 and 615.02 per 100 000, respectively. The top 5 causes of death were circulatory system diseases, respiratory system diseases, malignant tumors, injuries, and digestive system diseases, accounting for 91.2% of the total deaths. Analysis of life expectancy found that the average life expectancy of local residents from 2013 to 2018 was 78.02 years, and the value in the male group (75.57 years) was lower than that in the female group (80.78 years). Life loss analysis revealed that PYLL caused by various diseases was 171 620 person-years, SPYLL was 171 284.62 person-years, and AYLL was 15.03 years/person in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018. Among all the death causes, the top five in terms of life loss were injuries, malignant tumors, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases and digestive diseases. Conclusion From 2013 to 2018, the death rate of residents in Enshi City was relatively higher compared with those in other cities in China, the average annual crude death rate was on the rise, and the average annual standardized death rate was on the decline, indicating a highly ageing region. Chronic diseases such as circulatory system diseases, malignant tumors, and respiratory diseases, as well as injuries were the main death causes and caused a heavy burden of diseases, which should be the focus of future prevention and control work. Considering the higher levels of death and life loss indicators of male residents than those of women, targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to narrow the gap between men and women and improve the overall life quality of the whole population.

OBJECTIVE：To in vestigate the effects of dexmedetomidine （Dex）on SIRT 1/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway in cerebral injury of sepsis model rats ，and explore the mechanism of its protecitve effect on cerebral injury. METHODS ： A total of 80 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group （Sham group ），sepsis group （CLP group ），CLP+Dex group（10 μg/kg Dex），CLP+Dex+Sirtinol group （10 μg/kg Dex+2 μL/100 g SIRT 1 inhibitor sirtinol ），with 20 mice in each group. Two hours before modeling ，CLP+Dex+Sirtinol group was injected with sirtinol via lateral ventricle. Sepsis model was induced by cecal ligation and perforation in each group （in sham group ，only operation was performed but no ligation was performed）. At 0，3，6 h after modeling ，CLP+Dex group and CLP+Dex+Sirtinol group were given Dex （10 μg/kg） intraperitoneally，Sham group and CLP group were given constant volume of normal saline intraperitoneally. Cerebral tissue water content，Evans blue （EB）content，apoptosis in cerebral cortex ，the levels of IL- 1β and TNF-α in cerebral tissue as well as the protein expression of SIRT 1，p-Akt，p-GSK3β and β-catenin in hippocampus were detected 24 h after last medication. RESULTS ： Compared with Sham group ，cerebral tissue water content ，EB content ，the number of apoptotic cells in cerebral cortex as well as the levels of IL- 1β and TNF-α in cerebral tissue were increased significantly（P＜0.05），while the protein expression of SIRT 1， p-Akt，p-GSK3β and β-catenin in hippocampus were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with CLP group ，cerebral tissue water content ，EB content ，the number of apoptotic cells in cerebral cortex as well as the levels of IL- 1β and TNF-α in cerebral tissue were decreased significantly in CLP+Dex group （P＜0.05），while the protein expression of SIRT 1，p-Akt，p-GSK3β and β-catenin in hippocampus were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Sirtinol could significantly reverse the above-mentioned cerebral protection and factor regulation effects of Dex （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：Dex can protect the cerebral tissue of sepsis model rats，which may play an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic role by activating SIRT 1/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway ，so as to reduce cerebral edema ，protect blood-brain barrier and reduce cerebral injury.