Soft-tissue deformation is one of the important research directions in virtual surgery. Mass-spring model and finite-element model are the two most important modeling technology of the soft tissue modeling. It is very important for the current soft-tissue deformation modelling to analysize, to summarize the main idea, the influence factors and the modeling route of the two kinds of modeling methods and then to give comprehensive review.
Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Surgery, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; User-Computer Interface

The synchronous fluorescence spectra of myoglobin were studies for the first time. The fluorescence peaks observed in the spectra were assigned. When the wavelength interval (Δλ) is 80 nm, the main peak at 335 nm is originated from the tryptophan residues in the myoglobin molecule. When Δλis 20 mn, the peak at 308 nm is mainly due to the tyrosine residues in the myoglobin molecule and in a small part due to the tryptophan residues.Two peaks at 322 and 596 nm were observed in the spectrum of myoglobin for Δλ = 40 nm. The peak at 322 nm is due to both tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The peak at 596 nm is attributed to the heme group in the myoglobin molecule .

Objective To explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of laser therapy on serum and colon tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α),interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in rats with oxazolone induced ulcerative colitis (UC).Methods Thirty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:a normal group ( n =6),a UC model group ( n =8 ),a 400 mW laser treatment group ( n =8 ) and a 200 mW laser treatment group ( n =8 ).Odified oxasolone sensitization was used to induce UC models in the rats.The AsAlGa semiconductor laser used in the treatment had a power of 200 mW or 400 mW.The therapy lasted for 10 days with daily 10 min sessions.The rats were sacrificed after treatment and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure IL- 6,IL- 10 and TNF-α in serum and ulcer tissues in all groups.Results Compared with the normal group,the weights of the UC model rats were significantly lower,and they had severe mucoid bloody stool.TNF-α and IL-6 levels in serum and colon tissues increased significantly and IL-10 decreased significantly,so the UC model was successfully established.After laser treatment,body weight gain and stool moderation in rats were observed.in the 400 mW group,and average TNF-α and IL-6 levels in both serum and colon tissue decreased significantly.IL-10 increased significantly,close to the level of the normal group.In the 200 mW group,serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly lower,and IL-6 in the colon tissue was reduced significantly.TNF-α did not lessen significantly,and serum and colon tissue IL-10 levels did not improve significantly compared with the model group.Conclusions 400 mW AsAlGa semiconductor laser irradiation can effectively regulate cytokines after oxaZolone induced UC in rats in two ways.It reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines.This may imply one of the underlying molecular mechanisms of low energy laser treatment of UC.

Objective To observe any therapeutic effect of laser irradiation on pathological inflammatory reactions in ulcerative colitis (UC) induced by oxazolone,and to investigate possible mechanisms.Methods Six rats were selected as a normal control group.Another 24 rats with UC induced by oxazolone were randomly assigned to a UC model group (n =8),a 400 mW laser group (161.3 mW/cm2,n =8),and a 200 mW laser group (80.6 mW/cm2,n =8).All the rats were fixed in custom-built devices.Those in the therapy groups were treated daily,10 min per time,for 10 days.After the end of the last irradiation session,disease activity indexes (DAIs)were observed.Rats from every group were sacrificed 24 h after the last irradiation in order to observe any pathological changes in colon tissue,the weight of fresh ulcerated tissues,and gross changes in morphology.Colon segments were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and histological lesion scoring was performed under a light microscope.Any changes in inflammatory edema in the colonic mucous membrane were observed before and after laser irradiation.Results The UC model was successfully established.Average body weight in the 400 mW laser group increased significantly more than in the UC model group,approaching that of the normal control group.DAI decreased significantly.The thickness of the epithelial mucous membrane,lamina propria and submucosa was basically restored.Histological lesion scores also improved significantly,and the weight of fresh ulcerative tissue was significantly lower.Mucous membrane ulcers,submucosa edema and inflammatory cell infiltration all were alleviated significantly,merely presenting a few inflamed cells and small amounts of periphlebitis.In the 200 mW laser group all these outcome measures improved significantly compared with the UC model group,but were not as good as in the 400 mW laser group,and the rats needed longer to recover.Conclusion Laser irradiation at 400 mW has advantages over 200 mW,and could significantly relieve the pathological inflammatory response in colonic tissue,decrease submucosa edema and ameliorate other symptoms of ulcerative colitis,at least in rats.

Objective To determine the differentially expressed genes in the development of vascular medium calcification in rats using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Methods Twenty-four 6-week old SD rats of specific pathogen free grade were recruited and randomly allocated into calcified group (n=12) and control group (n=12). Rats were made for vascular calcification model in calcified group (vitamin D3 plus nicotine, VDN). All rats were sacrificed to measure concentration of calcium in the arterial tissue and examine the pathological lesion changes. RNA in rat aortic tunica tissue was extracted and reverse transcripted into cDNA. cDNA fragments which highly expressed calcification were isolated in calcified group using the SSH. Differentially expressed genes with cDNA fragment were inserted into PMD18-T plasmid vector and transformed to competent DH-5α by means of heating transfer. cDNA libraries of differentially expressed gene between calcified group and control group were successfully constructed. Recombinant vectors were analyzed by colony PCR. Positive genes were randomly selected for sequencing and analyzed by BLAST. Six genes, for example, were randomly selected for RT-PCR certification. Results (1) The pathological examination results demonstrated that in calcified group there were obvious calcium diposits and media squirm in tunica media of rat aortic wall, while in control group no calcium diposit was found. (2) There was statistical significance in calcium concentration in vascular tissue between calcified group[(15.34 ± 2.51)mg/g] and control group [(5.20 ± 0.75) mg/g] (P＜0.01). (3) Subtracted libraries in vascular calcification was successfully established. Ninety-two positive clones in positive library and 18 positive clones in reverse library were obtained after the colony PCR identification. The length of insertion fragments was concentrated between 150 bp and 400 bp. Calcification-related 43 up-regulated genes and 11 down-regulated genes were obtained through sequencing and BLAST analysis in positive clones. RT-PCR validation indicated that the expressions of 5 genes such as CytoP450 and Nell1 had greater increase in calcified group than those in control group, the average fold change was 1.71.Conclusions Model of vascular calcification induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine is successfully constructed. Related gene expression spectrum is changed in the process of vascular calcification.Some ossification genes and genes associated with apoptosis, oxidation, inflammation and cytokines are up-regulated. At the same time, some genes which possibly inhibit vascular calcification are down -regulated.

A total of 169 patients with short-duration type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM) were divided into atherosclerosis (AS) group and non-AS group according to the intima-media thickness (IMT) of three conducting arteries.The level of serum amyloid A (SAA) was assayed by ELISA.The results showed that SAA level of type 2 DM patients increased significantly, patients in AS group showed higher SAA level than that in non-AS group, and SAA level was positively correlated with age, body mass index, waist hip ratio and IMT of common carotid artery.Age, C-reactive protein and SAA level are the major risk factors for IMT of common carotid artery.

Soft-tissue deformation is one of the important research directions in virtual surgery. Mass-spring model and finite-element model are the two most important modeling technology of the soft tissue modeling. It is very important for the current soft-tissue deformation model ing to analysize, to summarize the main idea, the influence factors and the modeling route of the two kinds of modeling methods and then to give comprehensive review.

Objective:To assess the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the eleven-item Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11)in Chinese adolescents,calculate its optimal cut-off value and the sensi-tivity and specificity,and explore the possibility of providing a useful tool to assess the severity of adolescent de-pressive symptoms.Methods:Totally 3180 students aged 11 -17 years were selected from schools in 6 provinces and Shanghai.All of them were asked to complete the KADS-11 and Children Depression Inventory (CDI). Students whose CDI scores were above 19 (including 19)were diagnosed with the DSM-IV criteria of depressive disorder,73 students from Shanghai sample were assessed with KADS-11 and CDI to analyze the test-retest reliabil-ity 1 month later.Results:Exploratory factor analysis showed that KADS-11 had 2 factors,and confirmatory factor analysis tested proved the 2-factor model fit better than the one-factor model.The KADS-11 total scores were posi-tively correlated with CDI total scores (r =0.74,P <0.01 ),and the KADS-11 scores were higher in depressive group than those in non-depressive group.The mean area under the curve (AUC)of KADS-11was 0.94,the mean area under the curve of each item ranged from 0.7 to 0.9.The optimal cut-off point of KADS-11 was total score≥9,sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 90% respectively.The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the KADS-11 was 0.84,the spilt-half reliability coefficient was 0.71 (P <0.01),and the test-retest coefficient was 0.77 (P <0.01).Conclusion:The KADS-11 is appropriate for Chinese adolescents because of its good validity,reliability and diagnosis accuracy,it could be used to assess depressive symptoms for adolescents.

Objective To evaluate the effect of sexual health education for female nursing students. Methods Totals of 112 female nursing students were randomly selected from grade 2012.Their sexual knowledge was evaluated, and then were divided into three groups-high, medium and low, according to their sexual knowledge.The score of sexual health education was compared among groups.Results After the health education, the total score of sexual knowledge was (75.01 ±6.84), and the score of self-care, sexual transmitted disease, gynecological disease were (26.20 ±3.57), (18.15 ±3.45) and (30.66 ±4.50), which were significantly higher than (62.73 ±8.20), (20.25 ±3.75), (16.13 ±6.27) and (26.19 ±4.97) before the education, and the differences were significant (t=12.48, 12.09, 3.15, 7.80, respectively;P<0.05). The improvement of low score group was more significant compared with the medium and high score group, and the improvement of high score group was lower than medium and low score group, and there was a significant difference (F=38.38,P<0.05).There was no significant difference among different sexual education methods (F=0.35,P >0.05).Conclusions Sexual health education is an important way to enhance the sexual knowledge of female nursing students and it is necessary to develop various sexual health education methods in colleges and universities.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the perceived stress and the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates, to establish a chain mediation model to investigate the role of psychological capital and self-control in the relationship between the two, aiming to provide a new direction for nursing educators to improve the independent learning ability of nursing undergraduates.Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 913 nursing undergraduates from 10 universities in Shaanxi Province were selected as research objects from February to March 2023. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPQ), Self-control Scale (SCS) and Self-directed Learning Ability Scale (SLAS) were used to investigate the nursing undergraduates.Results:A total of 913 questionnaires were sent out in this study, and 900 were effectively collected, with an effective recovery rate of 98.58% (900/913). The total SLAS score of 900 nursing undergraduates was (87.12±9.20). The perception of stress among undergraduate nursing students could directly predict their self-directed learning ability negatively ( P<0.01), or indirectly affected their self-learning ability through psychological capital and self-control ( P<0.05). Psychological capital (indirect effect value=-0.160) and self-control (indirect effect value=-0.106) played a mediating role between stress perception and self-directed learning ability, and the mediating effect accounted for 38.55% and 25.54%, respectively. Moreover, psychological capital and self-control also played a chain mediating role (indirect effect value=-0.053), and the proportion of chain mediated effect was 12.77%. Conclusions:Perceived stress, psychological capital and self-control are important influencing factors on the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students. Perceived stress not only directly affects the self-directed learning ability of nursing undergraduate students, but also indirectly affects their self-directed learning ability through the chain mediation effect of psychological capital and self-control.