Objective To explore the influence of etiquette training on self efficacy and self confidence in nursing freshmen.Methods 183 nursing freshmen were given 36 class hours of etiquette training from Nursing College of Taishan Medical University.They took general self-efficacy scale (GSES),academic self-efficacy scale (ASES) and self-esteem scale(SES) tests respectively before and after the training.Results Compared with before training((2.32±0.22),(58.34±5.68),respectively),the scores of general self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy ((2.48±0.24),(66.32±6.35),respectively) were significantly increased (P＜ 0.01).The scores of self confidence increased significantly after etiquette training ((27.45 ± 2.32),(26.15 ± 2.26),(P ＜ 0.01)).Conclusion The etiquette training can improve the self-efficacy and self confidence of nursing college freshmen.

Objective To explore influence of vagus nerve on multiple organ function and immune reaction of T lymphocytes in septic rats.Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham injury group,sepsis group,vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) group,and vagotomy (VGX) group,according to the random number table,with 10 rats in each group.Rats in sepsis group,VNS group,and VGX group were inflicted with sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).Rats in VNS group were given electrical stimulation on left cervical vagus nerve for 15 min right after CLP.Rats in VGX group underwent vagotomy of left cervical vagus nerve at 30 min before CLP.At 24 h after CLP,serum of rats was collected to detect levels of alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),glycocholic acid (CG),creatine kinase (CK),myocardial creatine kinase (CK-MB),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),and serum creatinine by fully automatic biochemistry analyzer.The left lung of rats was collected to determine wet or dry mass,and wet to dry (W/D) ratio was calculated.The right lung of rats was collected to measure the activity of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Spleen of rats was collected to determine the proliferative activity of CD4 + T lymphocytes by cell counting kit 8,and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA were used to quantify mRNA expressions and levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2),interferon-γ,and IL-4,respectively.Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test.Results (1) The levels of serum ALT,AST,CG,CK,CK-MB,BUN,and creatinine,pulmonary W/D ratio,as well as MPO activity of rats in sepsis group were significantly higher than those in sham injury group and VNS group (P ＜0.01) and were significantly lower than those in VGX group (P ＜0.01).(2) The proliferative activity of CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group was 0.93 ± 0.03,which was significantly lower than 1.54 ± O.07 of rats in sham injury group (P ＜0.01).The proliferative activity of CD4+ T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group was 1.15 ±:0.15,which was significantly higher than that of rats in sepsis group (P ＜ 0.01).The proliferative activity of CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group was 0.75 ± 0.06,which was obviously lower than that of rats in sepsis group (P ＜ 0.01).(3) In comparison with those of rats in sham injury group,the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group were markedly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),while the level of IL-4 was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01).In comparison with those of rats in sepsis group,the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group were obviously increased (P ＜ 0.01),while the level of IL-4 was markedly decreased (P ＜ 0.01).As compared with those of rats in sepsis group,the levels of IL-2 and interferon-γ in CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group were markedly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),while the level of IL-4 was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01).(4) As compared with those of rats in sham injury group,expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4+ T lymphocytes of rats in sepsis group were markedly decreased (P ＜0.01),while expression of IL-4 mRNA was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.01).Expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in VNS group were obviously increased when compared with those of rats in sepsis group (P ＜0.01),while expression of IL-4 mRNA was markedly decreased (P ＜0.01).In comparison with those of rats in sepsis group,expressions of IL-2 and interferon-γ mRNA in CD4 + T lymphocytes of rats in VGX group were markedly decreased (P ＜ 0.01),while expression of IL-4 mRNA was significantly increased (P ＜0.01).Conclusions Electrical stimulation of vagus nerve can significantly improve multiple organ dysfunction and reverse immunosuppression of T lymphocytes in septic rats,while vagotomy of vagus nerve may enhance the susceptibility of rats to sepsis.

Objective To understand the impact of meteorological factors on the incidence of hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in China.Methods Bayesian hierarchical model[Besag,York,and Mollie' (BYM) model] was used to fit the data.The fitting effects of uncorrelated heterogeneity (UH) model,correlated heterogeneity (CH) model and spatial and temporal interaction model were compared and the best model was selected to analyze the meteorological factors influencing the incidence of HFMD.Results The UH +CH model with spatial and temporal interaction had best fitting effect (DIC=35 507.2).Rainfall(RR=1.051 7,95％ CI:1.050 4-1.052 5),average temperature (RR=1.089 6,95％ CI:1.078 1-1.106 9),average relative humidity (RR=l.089 0,95％CI:1.082 1-1.091 2),average air pressure (RR=l.076 4,95％ CI:1.074 8-1.077 9) and hours of sunshine (RR=1.0851,95％ CI:1.0798-1.0875) were the meteorological factors influencing the incidence of HFMD.Conclusion The incidence of HFMD had spatial and temporal clustering characteristics.The meteorological factors were closely related with the incidence of HFMD.

Objective:To analyze the effects of electrical acoustic stimulation (EAS) on speech and tone recognition as well as music perception in children with low-frequency residual hearing (LFRH) after cochlear implant (CI).Methods:A total of twelve Mandarin patients with LFRH who underwent unilateral CI from January 2017 to October 2020 were recruited, including 8 males and 4 females. There were 5 cases of pre-lingual deafness and 7 cases of post-lingual deafness. The median age at implantation was 12 years old (3-62 years). All patients had residual hearing (RH) before surgery, wore hearing aid (HA) timely, had an effective rehabilitation and the duration of use of electrical stimulation was 37.0±16.2 months. On the implanted side, the thresholds of 125 Hz and 250 Hz were less than and equal to 80 dB HL after implantation. A two-month follow-up clinical study was conducted with the EAS devices. The EAS effects were evaluated before, immediately after and 2 months after upgrade, including speech recognition rate, tone recognition and music tests. SPSS 23.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of ten patients completed a two-month clinical follow-up and efficiency evaluation. Compared to the electrical stimulation, the recognition rate of spondee word significantly decreased after the immediate use of EAS (71.7±4.3 vs 79.6±3.1, P=0.018). Compared to the electrical stimulation as well as immediate use of EAS, the results of sentence in noise, tone in noise, and SRT of sentence in noise were all significantly improved at 2 months after use of EAS ( P<0.05). The pitch discrimination was significantly improved at 2 months after the use of EAS compared with that before the use of EAS ( P=0.042). Compared with before ( P=0.021) and immediately ( P=0.017) use of EAS, the ability of rhythm resolution was significantly improved. There were no significant differences in other test results ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The low-frequency acoustic information provided by EAS as well as the electrical-acoustic stimulation mode can provide rich auditory cues of speech perception in noise, tone recognition in noise, and musical discrimination for CI subjects. It can promote the improvement of complex listening ability of CI patients undergoing long-term electrical stimulation in a short time and comprehensively improve their hearing capacities.

Objective:To investigate the development of receptive and expressive vocabulary in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants (CI) during the first year after CI activation.Methods:A total of 827 children (411 boys and 416 girls) who were implanted CI before 2.5 years of age from October 2019 to December 2022 in the Department of Auditory Implantation, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital were included in this study. The Infant Checklist of the Mandarin Early Vocabulary Inventory (EVI) was used to assess the quantity and content of receptive and expressive vocabulary at the time of CI activation and at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th months post-activation. SPSS 22.0 was used to describe the receptive and expressive vocabulary of CI children at the first year after activation.Results:During the first year after CI activation, CI children′s receptive and expressive vocabulary consistently increased with the CI usage. The average number of receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary respectively increased from 0 to 178, and from 0 to 97. At the first year of post-activation, the number of receptive and expressive vocabulary of CI children were superior to that of hearing-age matched typical-hearing children, but fell behind of that of chronological age matched typical-hearing children. In terms of lexical categories, receptive and expressive vocabulary was acquired in the following order: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. Among the top 50 words that CI children could express, nouns were the most common, then followed by verbs, adjectives, and pronouns. Father′s education level can significantly and positively predictethe receptive vocabulary of CI children at the first year post-activation. At the first year after CI activation, the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles were 113, 149, 178, 202, 223 for the receptive vocabulary, and 9, 37, 97, 148, 188 for expressive vocabulary.Conclusion:For Mandarin speaking children with CI, the receptive and expression vocabulary continuely increased within the first year after CI activation. The ability to grasp receptive vocabulary precedes the ability to express expressive vocabulary. Compared to hearing-age matched typical-hearing children, CI children showed faster rate of the vocabulary growth, and earlier and more frequently verb expression. However, it still larged behind that of chronological age matched hearing normal children. CI children respectively understood and expressed nouns and verbs the first. In children with CI, the first concepts understood and expressed were nouns and verbs. Among the first 50 words expressed, nouns were the most numerous, and the age at which verbs were acquired was earlier than that for hearing-age matched typical-hearing children.

Humans ; Asthma/drug therapy* ; Biological Therapy