Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a multifunctional cell regulating factor, which plays an important role in the normal physiological activities and pathological process, This article reviewed the research status of the molecular structure of IGF- I and its regulatory factors, the molecular biological role of IGF- I in cell proliferation, cell motility, apoptosis, and reviewed the important role of IGF-I in head and neck tumor, as well as put forward the prospects of IGF-I in middle ear cholesteatoma pathogenesis.
Apoptosis ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the effect of preadministration phenylephrine on the hemodynamics result from oxytocin during caesarean section.Methods One hundred parturients,ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ,with single baby at full term in vertex presentation scheduled for cesarean section under continuous epidural anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups,each group was 25 cases.All parturients received injection 10 U of oxytocin in the uterus after delivery,followed by an oxytocin rapid infusion of 10 U (less than 5 min),meanwhile,through the other intravenous channel,injection of phenylephrine 1 μ g/kg in group 1,2 μ g/kg in group Ⅱ,3 μ g/kg in group Ⅲ,while injection of 0.9％ sodium chloride 1 ml in groupⅣ as control.The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heat rate (HR) at preanesthesia (T0),the time of oxytocin injection after dehvery (T1) and after oxytocin injection 30 s (T2),1 ain (T3),3 min (T4),5 ain (T5),10 min(T6) was recorded.Results There were no significant difference in MAP at T0 and clinical data among the groups (P ＞ 0.05).The level of MAP in group Ⅰ and Ⅳ at T3-T5 was significantly lower than that at T0[(82 ± 7),(79 +5),(83 ± 6) mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) vs.(90 ± 7) mm Hg,(84 ±7),(76 ± 5),(82 ±7) mm Hg vs.(91 ±7) mm Hg] (P ＜0.05).The level of MAP in group Ⅲ at T2-T3 was significantly higher than that at T0[(93 ± 8),(103 ± 10)mm Hg vs.(91 ± 8) mm Hg] (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group Ⅳ,the level of MAP in group Ⅱ at T3-T5 was significantly higher,the level of MAP in group Ⅲ at T2-T5 was significantly higher,there was significant difference (P ＜0.05).The level of HR had no significant difference in T0 among the groups (P ＞ 0.05).The level of HR in four groups at T3-T5 was significantly higher than that at T0[(98 + 12),(105 + 12),(96 + 9) times/ain vs.(79 ± 8) times/ain,(89 ± 10),(96 ± 13),(92 + 12) times/min vs.(80 ± 11) times/min,(88 ± 10),(94 ± 12),(90 ± 9) times/min vs.(83 ± 10) times/min,(94 ± 12),(112 ± 13),(102 ± 1 1) times/ain vs.(82 ± 9) times/min](P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01),and reached to peak value at T4(P＜ 0.01),then gradually declined to the baseline values (T1) except in group Ⅳ at T6.Compared with group Ⅳ,the level of HR in group Ⅲ and group Ⅲ was significantly decreased at T4-T5(P ＜ 0.05).The rate of MAP decrease range above 30％ in group Ⅳ was 24％(6/24),and significantly higher than that in group Ⅱ (0) and group Ⅲ (0),there was significant difference(P＜ 0.05).The rate of nausea in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ,there was significant difference (P ＜0.05).The scores of Apgar scale after delivery 1,5 min had no significant difference among four groups (P ＞0.05).Conclusion Haemodynamic stability can be obtained by administration 2 μ g/kg of phenylephrine when parturients received injection 10 U of oxytocin in the uterus after delivery,and followed by an oxytocin rapid infusion of 10 U during cesarean section.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of acute normovolemic hemodilu-tion for pregnant women with total placenta pravia and accreta.Methods Fifty-two pregnant women with placenta praevia and accreta were randomly divided into three groups.Groups A and B received ANH or AHH before the operation while group C received the normal treatment.The total blood loss,transfusion of allogeneic blood and preoperative and postoperative routine blood test were recor-ded;the infants’umblical artery blood samples were taken immediately after birth,and 1 min,5 min Apgar scores and the blood gas was analyzied.Results There were no significant difference in the general condition,operation duration,blood loss among the three groups;the transfusion of allogeneic blood in groups B and C were much more than group A (P <0.05);the postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit and the count of plateletsin in group A were better than groups B and C (P <0.05),while there were no statistically difference between groups B and C;there were not only seldom difference in the Apgar scores of 1 min and 5 min,but also barely change in the blood gas analysis of umbilical ar-tery in new borns from the three groups.Conclusion ANH could play an important role in the pre-vention of postpartum hemorrhage without doing any harm to the mother and infant.

Objective To study the optimal dose of dexmedetomidine for preventing of shive-ring during caesarean section under epidural anesthesia.Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ orⅡ parturients with a single baby at full term in vertex presentation,scheduled for caesarean section under continuous epidural anesthesia,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=30 each):group D1, group D2,group D3 and group N (control group).After delivery of the baby,The group D1,group D2 and group D3 were received an intravenous infusion loading dose of 0.2μg/kg,0.5μg/kg and 0.8μg/kg of dexmedetomidine within 10 minutes respectively,and following with an intravenous infusion 0.4 μg·kg-1·h-1 of dexmedetomidine until peritoneal closure.The group N received an intravenous infusion 0.1 ml·kg-1·h-1 of normal saline.Results The incidence and degree of shivering in group D2 and group D3 were lower than those in group D1 and group N(P<0.05),but there were no statistics differences between group D2 and group D3.Conclusion Administration of dexmedetomidine can re-duce the occurrence of shivering during caesarean section under epidural anesthesia,and a loading dose of 0.5 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine is the optimal dose.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine mixed with ropivacaine for epidural anesthesia in the patients.Methods Forty-six patients, of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ , aged 36-58 yr, weighing 48-77 kg, scheduled for elective hysterectomy under epidural anesthesia, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =23 each) according to the random number table: normal saline + ropivacaine group (R group) and dexmedetomidine + ropivacaine group (DR group).Epidural anesthesia was performed at L2,3interspace.The catheter was inserted into the epidural space.A mixture of 0.75％ ropivacaine 15 ml and dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was injected epidurally in DR group.A mixture of 0.75％ ropivacaine 15 ml and normal sline 2 ml was injected epidurally in R group.The onset time of sensory block, maximum level of sensory block, and duration of sensory block were recorded.The modified Bromage scale, Ramsay sedation score and intraoperative traction reaction were assessed.The occurrence of dexmedetomidine-related cardiovascular events and respiratory depression, and epidural anesthesia-related adverse events within 2 h after operation was recorded.Results Compared with R group, the onset time of sensory block was significantly shortened, the duration of sensory block was prolonged, the maximum level of sensory block and Ramsay sedation score were increased, the degree of intraoperative traction reactions was lessened, and the incidence of shivering was decreased in DR group (P ＜ 0.05).No patients developed dexmedetomidine-related adverse events.Conclusion Epidural dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg significantly optimize the efficacy of ropivacaine when used for epidural anesthesia in the patients.

Objective To explore the neonatal effects and efficacy of dexmedetomidine on haemodynamics during cesarean section under general anesthesia.Methods Thirty-eight ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ parturients with a single baby at full term in vertex presentation,scheduled for cesarean section under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups (each group of 19 patients) by random digits table method:dexmedetomidine group and normal saline group.The patients in dexmedetomidine group received an intravenous infusion loading dose of 0.6 μ g/kg of dexmedetomidine,starting 10 min before induction of anesthesia,following with an intravenous infusion 0.4 μ g/ (kg ·h) of dexmedetomidine until peritoneal closure.The patients in normal saline group received an intravenous infusion of isovolumic of normal saline.Recording the systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) before infusion (T0) and 10 min after the start of infusion (T1),at tracheal intubation (T2),at delivery of the baby (T3),15 min after delivery (T4),at end of operation (T5),at extubation (T6) and 15 min after extubation (T7).The blood of umbilical vein and umbilical artery was drawn for gas analysis,and the Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were also recorded after delivery.Results The level of SBP,DBP and HR at T0 had no significant difference between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).In dexmedetomidine group,the level of SBP,DBP and HR were significantly higher at T2 than those at T0 [(136 ± 12) mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) vs.(124 ± 9) mmHg,(83 ± 10) mmHg vs.(72 ± 6) mmHg,(93 ± 11) times/min vs.(81 ± 8) times/min] (P ＜ 0.05).In normal saline group,the level of SBP,DBP and HR at T2-6 [(151 ± 14),(137 ± 11),(132 ± 10),(132 ±9),(142± 13)mmHgvs.(125 ±9)mmHg;(94±13),(85±9),(80±8),(80±9),(86±11)mmHgvs.(74 ±7) mmHg; (122 ±15),(105 ±12),(90 ±9),(89 ± 10),(97 ±11) times/min vs.(81 ±9) times/min] were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with normal saline group,the level of SBP,DBP and HR were lower in dexmedetomidine group at T2-6(P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant difference not only about the blood gas analysis of umbilical vein and umbilical artery,but also about the Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min after delivery (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Administration of dexmedetomidine is effective in maintaining the maternal haemodynamic during the cesarean section under general anesthesia without adverse neonatal effects.

Objective To explore the direct effect of attachment and the indirect effect through coping style and social support on mental health in technical school students. Methods 372 technical school students were assessed by Experiences in Close Relationship' s Inventory ( ECR), Symptom Check Scale List-90 ( SCL90) ,Coping Style Scale For Secondary School Students( CSS)and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS). Results ( 1 ) Total score of SCL-90 had significant correlations with all index of attachment anxiety, parents attachment avoidance( r=0. 165 ～0.370, P＜0.01 ) ,with coping style focus on problem ( r=0.291 ～0.552, P＜0. 01 ) and perceived social support( r = -0. 245, P ＜ 0.01 ). (2)Coping style focus on emotion had significant correlations with attachment anxiety( r=0.237 ～0.383, P＜0.01 ) and coping style focus on problem had significant correlations with attachment avoidance( r= -0. 267 ～ -0. 403, P＜0. 01 ). (3) Perceived social support had significant negative correlations with attachment avoidance ( r= - 0. 425 ～ - 0. 459, P ＜ 0.01 ). (4) The coping style focus on emotion had 65.2% mediation effect between attachment anxiety and mental health and perceived social support was moderated by attachment avoidance. Conclusions ( 1 ) Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance have direct effect on mental health. ( 2 ) The indirect effect of attachment anxiety on mental health is a lot mediating effect performed by the coping style focus on emotion. Attachment avoidance also indirectly influences on mental health by moderating perceived social support.

Objective To compare dexmedetomidine administered via different routes for epidural anesthesia during second cesarean section.Methods Sixty parturients who were at full term with a singleton fetus,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 22-38 yr,weighing 58-84 kg,undergoing a second caesarean section under epidural anesthesia,were divided into 3 groups (n=20 each) using a random number table:Ⅳ infusion of dexmedetomidine conbined with epidural injection of ropivacaine group (VDER group),epidural injection of a mixture of ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine group (ERD group) and epidural injection of ropivacaine group (ER group).The epidural puncture was performed at L2,3.After identification of the epidural space and a negative aspiration test for blood or cerebrospinal fluid,the mixture of 0.75％ ropivacaine 15 ml and 0.9％ normal saline 2 ml was injected epidurally,and dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg was intravenously infused for 10 min at the same time in VDER group;the mixture of 0.75％ ropivacaine 15 ml and 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine 2 ml was injected epidurally in ERD group;the mixture of 0.75％ ropivacaine 15 ml and 0.9％ normal saline 2 ml was injected epidurally in ER group.The onset time of epidural block,maximum level ofepidural block,time to reach the maximum epidural block and time of sensory block were recorded.Ramsay sedation scores were assessed at 30 miu after the end of epidural administration,and intraoperative traction reaction was also assessed.The development of hypotension,bradycardia,respiratory depressim and shivering was observed.The number of patients in whom remifentanil was used before delivery and Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min after birth were recorded.Results Compared with VDER group and ER group,the onset time and time to reach the maximum epidural block were significantly shortened,and the time of sensory block was prolonged in ERD group (P＜0.05).Compared with ER group,the rate of satisfactory sedation was significantly increased,the number of patients in whom remifentanil was used before delivery was decreased,the degree of intraoperative traction reaclion was mitigated,and the incidence of respiratory depression and shivering was decreased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min after birth in VDER and ERD groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Both Ⅳ and epidural dexmedetomidine can enhance the efficacy of epidural anesthesia during second cesarean section,producing no adverse effects on neonates;epidural injection of a mixture of ropivacaine and dexmedetomidine provides faster onset and prolonged time of sensory block,which is helpful for postoperative analgesia.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of small dose of dexmedetomidine for prevention of the adverse effects caused by carboprost in the patients undergoing caesarean section.Methods Forty parturients,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 26-30 yr,weighing 63-71 kg,scheduled for elective caesarean section under epidural anesthesia,were equally and randomly divided into control group (C group) or carboprost group (D group) by using a random number table.After delivery of the fetus,all the patients received iv infusion of 20 U oxytocin and carboprost 250 μg was injected into the myometrium simultaneously.In group D,after a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 0.1 μg/kg,dexmedetomidine was infused at a rate of 0.4 μg· kg-1 · h-1 starting from 1 min prior to carboprost injection until the end of surgery,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in group C.Adverse effects such as dyspnea,facial flushing,nausea,vomiting,hypertension and tachycardia were recorded.The OAA/S scores and time for breastfeeding initiation were also recorded at the end of surgery and 2 h after surgery.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of dyspnea,facial flushing,nausea,vomiting,hypertension and tachycardia was significantly decreased in D group.There was no significant difference in OAA/S score and the time for breastfeeding initiation after surgery between the two groups.Conclusion Small-dose dexmedetomidine (loading dose 0.1 μg/kg,followed by infusion at 0.4 μg· kg-1 · h-1 until the end of surgery) infused before carboprost administration is helpful in preventing the adverse gastrointestinal and cardiovascular reactions caused by carboprost in the patients undergoing caesarean section.

Objective To investigate the placental transfer and neonatal effects of dexmedetomidine during the cesarean section under general anesthesia.Methods Thirty-eight nulliparous parturients,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 22-37 yr,weighing 56-82 kg,who were at full term with a singleton fetus,scheduled for elective caesarean section under general anesthesia,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=19 each) using a random number table:dexmedetomidine group (group D) and normal saline group (group N).In group D,dexmedetomidine was infused in a loading dose of 0.6 μg/kg starting from 10 min before induction of anesthesia,followed by an infusion of 0.4 μg · kg-1 · h-1 until peritoneal closure.Group N received the equal volume of normal saline.Blood samples were collected from the maternal artery (MA),umbilical vein (UV),and umbilical artery (UA) for blood gas analysis and for determination of plasma dexmedetomidine concentrations (CMA,CUV and CUA) by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,and CUV/CMA and CUA/CUV were calculated.Apgar scores were recorded at 1 and 5 min after delivery,and the occurrence of respiratory depression was also recorded.The I-D interval (the time from administration of anesthetics to delivery) and U-D interval (the time from incision of the uterus to delivery) were recorded.Results There were no significant differences in the blood gas analysis parameters in blood samples collected from the MA,UV and UA,I-D interval,U-D interval,and Apgar scores between the two groups (P＞0.05).No neonatal respiratory depression was found in both groups.In group D,CMA,CUV and CUA were 471±119,359±88 and (321±78) ng/ml,respectively,CUV/CMA was 0.76±0.06,and CUA/CUV was 0.89±0.03.Conclusion Although the metabolism of dexmedetomidine is little after easy placental transfer,dexmedetomidine has no adverse effects on the newborn during the cesarean section under general anesthesia.